<p>Six Moon Hill is a residential neighborhood and historic district of mid-century modern houses in Lexington, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Incorporated in 1947, the community originally encompassed 28 houses which were built between 1947 and 1953. Most were designed by members of the Cambridge, Massachusetts firm The Architects Collaborative (TAC) who also lived and raised their families in the new development. The neighborhood was added to the National Register of Historic Places list in 2016.</p><br>
<p>The development attracted attention from both the architectural and popular press right away because of the contemporary design ideas, reasonable cost, and practical thinking about how to support community life. Started soon after the construction of Lexington&#39;s first modernist house, Six Moon Hill was the first of many modernist developments in Lexington. Developments that followed include Peacock Farm, started in 1951; Five Fields, also designed by TAC architects and begun in 1951; and the slightly later Turning Mill/Middle Ridge neighborhood, launched in 1956.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>After World War II, a quickly expanding population looked to develop land for housing near major metropolitan areas. The establishment in 1934 of the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) which underwrote mortgages and the GI Bill which subsidized low-cost mortgages for returning soldiers were factors in the rapid growth of suburban communities. Many large planned communities resulted, such as Levittown, New York (and other related Levittowns in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Puerto Rico) and Rohnert Park in California. But, with involvement of the FHA came some undesirable constraints on both design and the racial makeup of homeowners. In Cambridge, students at the Harvard Graduate School of Design and MIT School of Architecture and Planning were also thinking about housing and planned communities, but wanted to bring some of the new ideas emerging from those schools to how the problems should be addressed.</p><br>
<p>In 1947, a group of architects from the newly-formed TAC were looking to move from their rented lodgings in Cambridge and had the idea of building their own community. Their goals were two-fold: build homes based on modern design principles and establish an ideal community. Norman Fletcher, one of the founders of TAC and Six Moon Hill, described the young architects as having been influenced in their ideas by "utopianism and socialism".</p><br>
<p>Modernism as an approach to housing design was already established in Massachusetts when they began their work. Walter Gropius and Marcel Breuer built houses for their families in Lincoln, Massachusetts, in 1938–1940. Carl Koch, later to gain renown as a pioneer in the use of prefabricated materials in construction, built a set of five houses called ‘Snake Hill” on steeply sloped land in Belmont, Massachusetts, in 1940. In a nearby area in east Lexington, Hugh Stubbins Jr. finished the first of a set of houses in 1947, just around the time TAC bought the land for the Six Moon Hill project.</p><br>
<p>An indication of the cooperative nature of TAC&#39;s endeavor was that after house sites had been drawn up, they were all priced the same. The first twelve sites were assigned to participating families by drawing numbers from a hat. The egalitarianism of the neighborhood also reflected the philosophy of Walter Gropius and TAC. All members of TAC, including Gropius, had equal shares in the company, and he insisted that he not be looked at as the president. Of the original TAC founders, only Gropius did not have a house on Moon Hill, having already built his house (Gropius House) in Lincoln, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The group found the land in Lexington during a Sunday ski outing. It was purchased from an auto dealer of the Moon Motor Car, and the project was given the name "Six Moon Hill", a nod to the six automobiles found in a barn on the property. It turned out that one of the cars was a Franklin, but they liked the original name too much to change it.</p><br>
<p>With a focus on collaboration rather than individualism, the TAC approach was applied to all aspects of the community: design, development, construction, and operation. TAC established a nonprofit corporation and bought 20 acre on which to build, which were divided into 29 equally-priced lots of about one-half to three-quarters of an acre each. The neighborhood continues to run as an organized community in which each household pays dues and holds two voting shares.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Although TAC members claimed that they were not trying to create a "style", the houses can be seen as reflecting many features of what is now thought of as the mid-century modern style: the houses all have flat, low-pitched, or butterfly roofs, narrow vertical siding, whole walls of glass, and a total lack of extraneous ornament. TACs willingness to experiment with industrial materials was an example of Modernists embracing of the "rise of the machine". Modernists saw industrialization as a potential force for good and were eager to experiment with new materials, finding value in the use of unadorned materials that would have been shunned in more traditional buildings.</p><br>
<p>Not all of the TAC innovations were successful. Anthony Thompson, who grew up there and was the son of TAC partner Ben Thompson, noted he loved living there, but that "the roof leaked. The house was drafty. There was no privacy. Form did not follow function."</p><br>
<p>Six Moon Hill gained early prestige when an article in Architectural Forum featured dramatic photographs by Ezra Stoller who had previously published key works by Frank Lloyd Wright and Alvar Aalto. As described in that 1950 article, three years after the neighborhoods incorporation, 19 houses had been built with costs ranging from $10,000 to $22,000 with 1,100 to 2,200 sqft floor plans—moderate in both price and size.</p><br>
<h2>Landscape and environment</h2><br>
<p>The rocky hill on which the neighborhood is built provides many visual reminders of New England&#39;s glacial past, with large expanses of granite ledge visible outside and sometimes inside the houses. The neighborhood is crossed with rough stone walls of a form typical to this part of New England, which are essentially linear piles of large rocks, placed there by settlers in the 18th and early 19th century. At the time the former grazing land was purchased by TAC, some of the steeper areas had become reforested. Photographs of the newly built houses show young juniper and birch trees, which are typical pioneer species that emerge after an area ceases to be grazed or mowed. Most recently the area is populated with many mature white pines, hickory, red and white oaks which thrive in the highly acidic, stony soil.</p><br>
<p>The terrain, which might have been considered a disadvantage to most suburban builders, was an inspiration to TAC architects. They sited their houses to take maximum advantage of distant views, winter sunlight, and summer breezes. Through thoughtful siting, they achieved an effect that was more rural in character than other neighborhoods of comparable density. They acknowledged the influence of Frank Lloyd Wright in the use of large overhangs to block out strong summer sunlight.</p><br>
<p>Although the new buildings were in many ways thoughtfully designed in relation to the landscape, a full embrace of environmental concepts by the architectural profession was many decades away. As built originally, the Six Moon Hill houses had some limitations in a New England climate. The large walls of glass that made such a visual impact were inefficient in terms of energy use. In the twenty-first century, among the first undertakings for those purchasing homes from early owners has been to replace the ubiquitous single-pane glass and uninsulated metal window frames.</p><br>
<p>Similarly, the flat roofs that are typical of mid-century modern houses can be seen to be a disadvantage in a climate that routinely experiences large accumulations of snow, although this was somewhat mitigated by the introduction of new roofing materials. A continuing interest in the relationship between buildings and the environment was displayed in later years by Sarah P. Harkness when she co-authored a study on the topic of sustainable design. In a later interview, she continued to emphasize that architects needed to consider the whole environment as opposed to trying to design individual "star" buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Community and family life</h2><br>
<p>Although much current interest focuses on Six Moon Hills mid-century modern architecture, TACs greatest innovation there may have been how they reimagined neighborhoods and housing plans to better support child-rearing. The presence of two women who were also mothers among the founding partners of TAC (Jean B. Fletcher and Sarah P. Harkness) undoubtedly affected TAC&#39;s consideration of how design can improve family life. Unlike the Gropius House which features a separate kitchen intended to be staffed by a cook, Six Moon Hill houses were designed to function without servants and often featured kitchens which opened directly onto living areas, simplifying supervision of children.</p><br>
<p>TACs philosophy affected not only the design of individual houses but also the neighborhood layout, which included a large area of common land and later a swimming pool. These shared resources were, and continue to be, popular gathering places for children and adults. Early visitors noted the informal, supportive atmosphere of the neighborhood, and the fact that children were as likely to be found in someone elses house as their own.</p><br>
<p>Although they did not use concepts of Feminism to describe how they lived, TAC partners modeled a way of life that diverged from prevailing norms in post-World War II America, including subtly different gender roles. During the year Six Moon Hill was founded, Fletcher and Harkness were featured in the local press for their novel shared schedule which enabled them to work in an office as architects while raising young children.</p><br>
<p>Also influencing the feeling of community were the early neighborhood bylaws affecting house design, the requirement to build within two years of lot purchase, and the right of neighbors to have first refusal in the event someone wanted to sell their house. A review committee made up of residents was formed to assure that new structures and additions were in keeping with the original concepts. Bylaws included a prohibition on the use of fences to mark boundaries between lots, a notable departure from other neighborhoods in town, and concrete evidence that the neighborhood was considered one interrelated whole.</p><br>
<p>The community spirit was still in evidence in September, 2022 when over 70 current and former residents gathered on the neighborhood&#39;s Common Land to celebrate the 75th anniversary of the founding of Six Moon Hill. The event featured house tours, craft beer from a regional brewery named for the neighborhood, and story-telling over a potluck dinner.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Among the original architects (and residents) were Benjamin C. Thompson, Norman C. Fletcher, Jean B. Fletcher, John C. Harkness, Sarah P. Harkness, Robert S. McMillan, and Louis A. McMillen, who were all TAC founders. Additional associated architects and founding community members included Richard S. Morehouse, William Haible, (who in 1961 designed the historic Pagoda House in Blackburg, Virginia), and Chester Nagel.</p><br>
<p>Other well-known original residents included mathematician W. T. Martin (MIT mathematics department head from 1946 to 1968), Irving Segal (a mathematician who did pioneering work in quantum mechanics, primarily at MIT), and Wallace E. Howell (a meteorologist known for developing techniques of seeding rain clouds during drought). Later notable residents included Nobel chemist Konrad Bloch, Nobel physicist Samuel C.C. Ting, Dr. Thomas C. Chalmers (a pioneer of modern medical research methods), Robert Newman, (co-founder of research firm, Bolt Beranek and Newman), and John C. Sheehan (the first chemist to synthesize penicillin).</p><br>
<p>British historian Simon Schama, who lived in the neighborhood during his time on the faculty of Harvard, called the neighborhood a "museum to international style". He favorably compared the friendliness upon his arrival in the neighborhood ("the mailbox wasnt big enough to take all the cakes and cookies which said Hello!&#39;") to what he would have expected in Oxford (UK) where he had previously lived.</p><br>
<h2>Recent years</h2><br>
<p>In 2003, the last undeveloped lot in the neighborhood was purchased by a structural engineer who had worked on the large Central Artery tunnel project in Boston. Nicknamed the "Big Dig House" after the popular name for that project, the award-winning residence was designed by architects John Hong and Jinhee Park, and recycled 300 tons of large steel and concrete components which had been removed during construction of the highway.</p><br>
<p>Parsonsfield Seminary, which operated from 1832 to 1949, was a well-known Free Will Baptist school in North Parsonsfield, Maine, in the United States. Also known as the North Parsonsfield Seminary, its preserved campus of four buildings is located on State Route 160 near the New Hampshire border. The property is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Free Will Baptists developed as a movement in the late eighteenth century in New Hampshire. In 1832, Rev. John Buzzell and several other Free Baptists founded the school in Parsonsfield. The Seminary, at the level of a high school, was the first Free Will Baptist school in the United States and attracted 140 students, both boys and girls, in its first year. The seminary&#39;s first principal, Hosea Quimby, was active in many other Free Will Baptist organizations. The Seminary staff and students became deeply involved with the abolitionist movement and operated as a stop on the Underground Railroad in the 1840s, while Oren B. Cheney was principal. Students and supporters aided fugitive slaves from the South in reaching freedom in Canada. From 1840 to 1842, the Free Baptist Biblical School, the first Free Baptist graduate school for training ministers, was located at the seminary (it was later renamed Cobb Divinity School and became part of Bates College).</p><br>
<h3>The burning of Parsonsfield</h3><br>
<p>Parsonsfield Seminary burned mysteriously in 1853, at midnight. The overall account of the burning remains unclear, with sources varying depending on the actual occurrences. When recounting its burning, Oren Burbank Cheney stated, "The bell tower flickered in flames while the children ran from its pillar-brick walls." The fire was believed to have killed three schoolchildren and two fugitive slaves, leading to a brief and unsuccessful investigation. The reason as to why the Seminary burned down remains unclear, with opponents of abolitionism traditionally, but not definitively, held accountable. The seminary would later go on to incorporate into the Maine State Seminary, which early benefactor Benjamin Bates would oppose. He advised Cheney to sell the land in Parsonsfield, Maine, and reconstruct it within the newly developing Maine State Seminary. Afterward, Cheney moved the central campus to Lewiston in 1854 to replace it with a larger Free Baptist school more centrally located in Maine.</p><br>
<h3>Reconstruction and development</h3><br>
<p>In 1857, a smaller seminary building was rebuilt at Parsonsfield. It had a cupola and a weathervane. In 1889, Bartlett Doe, a wealthy San Francisco businessman who was a Parsonsfield native son, purchased the land and donated funds to repair and remodel Seminary Hall, adding its rear wing and front bell tower. His gift provided for the construction of a new dormitory, to which a large annex was added in 1896. He also established a school endowment of $100,000.</p><br>
<p>Parsonsfield Seminary closed in 1949. The facility was subsequently used by the Consolidated School District until 1986, at which time the school offices moved to new quarters. The two main buildings of the seminary and grounds were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. To prevent the loss of the historic hilltop campus, the Friends of the Parsonsfield Seminary organized to preserve and maintain the property. The non-profit, non-sectarian organization operates the handsome Victorian buildings and grounds for use for weddings, conferences, seminars, and graduations.</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni</h2><br>
<p>Oren B. Cheney, abolitionist, principal of Parsonfield Seminary, founder of Bates College</p><br>
<p>Person C. Cheney, senator from New Hampshire</p><br>
<p>Samuel W. Gould, congressman</p><br>
<p>Lorenzo De Medici Sweat, congressman</p><br>
<p>Longue Vue House and Gardens, also known as Longue Vue, is a historic house museum and associated gardens in the Lakewood neighborhood of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States.</p><br>
<p>The former home of Edgar Stern and Edith Rosenwald Stern (daughter of Julius Rosenwald), the current house is the second. The original house and gardens began in 1924. In 1934, landscape architect Ellen Biddle Shipman began to work with the Sterns on the designs of their gardens. Through the re-working of the gardens the Sterns decided that their house did not allow them to fully enjoy their new grounds, and the original house was subsequently moved and a new one erected in its place starting in 1939. This new house was designed by architects William and Geoffrey Platt whose father, Charles A. Platt, was Shipman&#39;s mentor. The four facades of the house have four different appearances and out each of the four sides there is a different garden. It has 20 rooms on three stories, with original furnishings.</p><br>
<p>The gardens include Arecaceae, Asclepias tuberosa, azaleas, caladium, Callicarpa americana, camellia, Canna, Chionanthus retusus, chrysanthemum, crape myrtle, cyclamen, Delphinium, Ficus carica, Gossypium, hydrangea, Koelreuteria bipinnata, Louisiana irises, Lycoris aurea, Narcissus, Passiflora incarnata, Phytolacca americana, Euphorbia pulcherrima, roses, Stigmaphyllon ciliatum, tulips, vitex, and Zingiber zerumbet.</p><br>
<p>Longue Vue was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991,</p><br>
<p>Following damage by Hurricane Katrina, volunteer and staff labor later enabled the house to reopen for tours.</p><br>
<p>Pāulaula State Historical Park is a National Historic Landmark and is administered as the Pāulaula State Historical Park just southeast of present-day Waimea on the island of Kauai in Hawaii. It is the last remaining Native Hawaiian fort on the Hawaiian islands, built in the early 19th century by natives with an Italian-based design provided by a German traveler who arrived on a Russian-American Company ship, as a project of High Chief Kaumualii. The star fort was employed by the Kingdom of Hawaii in the 19th century under the name Fort Hipo .</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1815, German physician Georg Anton Schäffer, an agent of the Russian-American Company, arrived in Hawaii to retrieve goods seized by Kaumualii, chief of Kauai island. According to the company instructions, Schäffer had to begin by establishing friendly relations with king Kamehameha I who had created a kingdom incorporating all the islands of Hawaii and faced opposition from rebellious Kaumualii. Then, with or without Kamehamehas support, Schäffer had to recover the cost of lost merchandise from Kaumualii.</p><br>
<p>Schäffers medical expertise gained Kamehamehas respect but he denied the Russians any assistance against Kaumualii. Schäffer was followed by two company ships, the Otkrytie and the Il’mena. He then sailed to Kauai on his own. To his surprise, Kaumualii eagerly signed a "treaty" granting Russian Tsar Alexander I of Russia a protectorate over Kauai. Kaumualii convinced Schäffer that the Russians could just as easily capture the whole archipelago. Schäffer promised that Tsar Alexander would help him to break free of Kamehameha&#39;s rule. Officially, Kaumualii had pledged allegiance to Kamehameha in 1810. Kaumualii probably never intended to give up power over the island; he thought he might reclaim his own kingdom with the help of Russia. Kaumualii allowed Schäffer to build a fort near Waimea, named Fort or Fortress Elizabeth (link=no, Elizavetinskaya Krepost’) in honor of the Empress of Russia at the time, Louise of Baden. Two others Fortress Alexander (крепость Александра, Krepost’ Aleksandra) and Fort Barclay-de-Tolly (форт Барклая-де-Толли, Fort Barklaya-de-Tolli) were named for the reigning emperor Alexander and his marshal Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly and constructed near Hanalei on Kauai.</p><br>
<p>Fort Elizabeth was constructed in 1817 on the east bank of the Waimea River overlooking Waimea Bay. This fort was built in the shape of an irregular octagon, about 300to450 ft across, with walls 20 ft high. It housed a small Russian Orthodox chapel, Hawaii&#39;s first Orthodox Christian church. Fort Alexander built on Hanalei Bay also housed a small Orthodox chapel. When it was discovered that Schäffer did not have the backing of the Tsar, he was forced to leave Kauai in the fall of 1817. Captain Alexander Adams replaced the Russian flag with the new Kingdom of Hawaii flag some time before October 1817. Russian Fort Elizabeth eventually came under the control of Kamehameha supporters.</p><br>
<p>In 1820, the guns fired in salute as Kaumualii&#39;s son, Prince George "Prince" Kaumualii (also known as Humehume) arrived on the ship Thaddeus, after guiding American missionaries back to his home. Humehume tried to stage a rebellion in 1824 by attacking the fort. It was used as a base to capture him and keep the kingdom unified. It was abandoned in 1853.</p><br>
<h2>Dismantling</h2><br>
<p>Schäffer was also involved in a secret mission to Hawaii in 1816, where he tried to persuade King Kamehameha I to accept Russian protection and establish a naval base on the island of Kauai. However, his plan was foiled by British and American diplomats, who convinced the king to reject the Russian offer. Prince Alexander Bagration returned to Russia in 1817, and continued his military career until his retirement in 1821. The Kingdom of Hawaii tasked Kauai pioneer Valdemar Knudsen with the removal of armaments from the fort. Similar work was being done in that era across the kingdom with other forts being dismantled at Kailua-Kona, Lāhainā and along the waterfront at the old port of Honolulu. In a letter sent to Honolulu, Knudsen listed an inventory of the guns at the fort following a survey made in 1862. They included 60 flintlock muskets, 16 swords, 12 18-pound cannon, 26 4- and 6-pound cannon, 6 heavy guns and 24 little guns. During the decommissioning of the fort in 1864, while Knudsen was loading armaments and munitions for sale as scrap metal onto a schooner in Waimea Bay, one or two cannons fell into the murky waters of Waimea Bay.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The fort is located at coordinates 21&deg;57&prime;6&Prime;N latitude, 159&deg;39&prime;51&Prime;W longitude, on the southeastern shore of the mouth of the Waimea River in Waimea, Kauai County, Hawaii. A small parking lot is south of the Hawaii Route 50 bridge, known as Kaumualii Highway in honor of the last king. Facilities at the park include an interpretive walking path, and restrooms. A brochure with details of the site is available for a self-guided interpretive tour. Visitors to this site can enjoy exploring the remains of the fort, viewing scenery, photography and historical interpretation.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>This large stone construction is the most magnificent reminder of the attempts by the Russians for gaining an influential position in the Hawaiian Islands during the early 19th century. Alexander Baranov, governor of the Russian American Company at Sitka, wished to open trade with the Hawaiian Islands to obtain food for the Alaska settlements and sent several vessels for this purpose. One of these ships was wrecked at Waimea, Kauai, in 1815; and the next year Baranov sent Dr. Georg Anton Scheffer for recovering the cargo and, likely, to open a permanent Russian trading post or to gain SL political foothold. Scheffer was successful in quickly gaining influence over King Kaumualii, of Kauai, and in the summer of 1816 persuaded the latter to sign an agreement giving the Russians special trading and economic privileges on Kauai and Oahu. In a failed attempt to build a fort at Honolulu, Scheffer went back to Kauai to consolidate his position with Kaumualii. His aim, evidently, was to convince the king to declare his independence of Kamehameha and enter under Russian protection. He primarily erected an earthwork at Hanalei; and, sometime between April and October, 1817, he built a strong stone fort at Waimea, over which the Russian flag was flown.</p><br>
<p>The Waimea establishment was a huge one. In addition, the fort was equipped with guns and quarters for troops, Scheffer owned a factory or trading house, with gardens and houses for a staff of about 30 families. Apparently, the fort was not fully completed by the Fall of 1817. By that time Scheffer&#39;s peremptory conduct had alienated the Hawaiians. Acting on orders from Kamehameha, the Russians were ousted by Kaumualii.</p><br>
<p>After the departure of Scheffer from the islands, Hawaiian troops occupied the fort evidently in October 1817. In 1820, a 21-gun salute was fired when the brig Thaddeus came up with the son of Kaumualii, who had been attending school in the United States. The first mission settlement of the Protestants on Kauai took place on the river bank close to the fort. Around 1853, the fort was abandoned because the Hawaiian garrison was withdrawn.</p><br>
<h2>Physical structure</h2><br>
<p>Varying in cross measurement from 300 to 450 feet, the structure is in the form of ‘an irregular octagon’. The outer walls are made of piled stone; the walls are from 25 to 45 feet thick and about 20 feet high, and remain in good condition. The foundations of the magazine, barracks and other buildings are visible inside the walls. The area within and bordering the fort has been extensively cleared for park development as exhibited in the map accompanying this form. The region north and east between the fort and the park boundary have been demolished for the development of the park, an action which probably caused serious damage to any historical ruins and archaeological resources.</p><br>
<p>The Athens Lunatic Asylum, now a mixed-use development known as The Ridges, was a Kirkbride Plan mental hospital operated in Athens, Ohio, from 1874 until 1993. During its operation, the hospital provided services to a variety of patients including Civil War veterans, children, and those declared mentally unwell. After a period of disuse the property was redeveloped by the state of Ohio. Today, The Ridges are a part of Ohio University and house the Kennedy Museum of Art as well as an auditorium and many offices, classrooms, and storage facilities.</p><br>
<p>The former hospital is perhaps best known as a site of the infamous lobotomy procedure, as well as various supposed paranormal sightings. After the hospital&#39;s original structure closed, the state of Ohio acquired the property and renamed the complex and its surrounding grounds The Ridges. According to The Guide of Repository Holdings, the term "The Ridges" was derived from a naming contest in 1984 to re-describe the area and its purpose.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Design and architectural features</h3><br>
<p>The architect for the original building was Levi T. Scofield of Cleveland. The hospital grounds were designed by Herman Haerlin of Cincinnati. Some of Haerlins other landscape designs are seen in Cincinnatis Spring Grove Cemetery and the Oval on the campus of Ohio State University in Columbus.</p><br>
<p>The design of the buildings and grounds were influenced by Dr. Thomas Story Kirkbride, a 19th-century physician who authored an influential treatise on hospital design called On the Construction, Organization and General Arrangements of Hospitals for the Insane. Kirkbride Plan asylums are most recognizably characterized by the staggered "bat-wing" floor plan of their wards, High Victorian Gothic architecture, and their sprawling grounds.</p><br>
<p>In accordance with the Kirkbride Plan, the main building was to include a central administration building with a wing for men on one side and a wing for women on the other, each with their own separate dining halls. There was room to house 572 patients in the main building, almost double Kirkbride&#39;s recommendation. The main building itself was 853 feet long and 60 feet in width.</p><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>The land where the hospital was built originally belonged to the Arthur Coates and Eliakim H. Moore farms. Ground was broken on November 5, 1868. The first iteration of the asylum consisted of only 141 acre and over the years, grew to occupy over 1,000 acre of land and 78 buildings.</p><br>
<h3>Operating years (1874-1993)</h3><br>
<p>Athens Lunatic Asylum began operation on January 9, 1874. Within two years of its opening, the hospital was renamed The Athens Hospital for the Insane. Later, the hospital would be called the Athens Asylum for the Insane, the Athens State Hospital, the Southeastern Ohio Mental Health Center, the Athens Mental Health Center, the Athens Mental Health and Mental Retardation Center, the Athens Mental Health and Developmental Center, and then (again) the Athens Mental Health Center.</p><br>
<p>The original hospital was in operation from 1874 to 1993. Although not a wholly self-sustaining facility, many Kirkbride Plan asylums functioned as cloistered communities, and for decades the hospital had livestock, farm fields and gardens, an orchard, greenhouses, a dairy, a physical plant to generate steam heat, and even a carriage shop. A large percentage of the work it took to maintain the facility was originally carried out by patients. Labor, especially skilled labor, was seen by the Kirkbride Plan as a form of therapy and was economically advantageous for the state.</p><br>
<p>The asylum expanded to include specialized and ancillary buildings such as the Dairy Barn (now an arts center), Beacon School, Athens Receiving Hospital, Center Hospital and the Tubercular Ward ("Cottage B"). Also built onto the main building were a laundry room and a boiler house. Seven cottages, including Cottage B, were constructed to house even more patients. While they had a smaller capacity than the main wards, they allowed for constructive grouping of patients in dormitory-like rooms.</p><br>
<p>By the 1950s the hospital was the town&#39;s largest employer, with 1,800 patients on a 1,019-acre, 78-building campus. At its peak the Athens Lunatic Asylum served Adams, Athens, Gallia, Highland, Hocking, Jackson, Lawrence, Meigs, Morgan, Perry, Pike, Ross, Scioto, Vinton and Washington counties.</p><br>
<h3>Decline and closure</h3><br>
<p>The mental healthcare industry in the United States underwent a sea change in the 1950s. Research began to show that the mentally ill did not pose an inherent danger to their communities. The public became increasingly aware of procedures like electroshock therapy and the lobotomy, which would come to be seen as cruel, unnecessary, and inhumane. The availability of psychoactive drugs for the treatment of mental illnesses, as well as the increasing prevalence of psychological therapy, allowed for most patients to be treated without the need for internment in a prison-like institution. The asylum, among many others, declined throughout the latter half of the 20th century and eventually closed in 1993. However, the state hospital continued to function in Athens, with some patients and staff relocating to a newly constructed facility which, at the time of the transition in 1993, was called the Southeast Psychiatric Hospital. The psychiatric hospital in Athens - visible from the asylum - is now named Appalachian Behavioral Healthcare.</p><br>
<h2>Modern history and present day</h2><br>
<h3>1990s</h3><br>
<p>By the early 1990s, many of the original buildings had fallen into disrepair, following a similar pattern of decline and neglect among Kirkbride Plan asylums. As the mental healthcare industry transitioned away from large, centralized institutions, the will to support sprawling hospital complexes diminished. Large asylums were slowly phased out, with most operations shifting to small outpatient centers scattered throughout the community. Because the asylums were typically located on a hill outside of the nearest municipal center, their degradation was able to occur out of sight and out of mind. Under private ownership, abandoned Kirkbrides often languished unmaintained and unsecured, slowly being reclaimed by nature, as with Hudson River State Hospital in New York. Since abandoned structures represent a serious insurance liability, there is incentive for the property owner to secure them, and abandoned property owned by colleges and universities may be especially easy targets for urban exploration, squatting, or vandalism by members of the student body or the general public.</p><br>
<p>In 1993 the Athens Lunatic Asylums property was deeded over to Ohio University in a land swap with the states Department of Mental Health. Under the ownership of Ohio University, the property was kept in relatively good shape and was maintained for reuse.</p><br>
<h3>2000s and 2010s</h3><br>
<p>With urban exploration and modern ruins occupying a growing niche of public consciousness through entertainment and media, Kirkbride Plan asylums have enjoyed renewed public attention in the 2000s and 2010s. Two historically significant Kirkbrides, Danvers State Hospital in Massachusetts and the aforementioned Hudson River State Hospital in New York, fell into dangerous disrepair in the 1990s and 2000s and eventually underwent partial demolition to make way for new development.</p><br>
<p>At Athens, the ownership of a stable funding authority (Ohio University) has ensured restoration of much of the original grounds, as envisioned by the original planners, in a mixed-use university development called The Ridges.</p><br>
<p>Most buildings have been renovated and turned into classrooms and office buildings. The administration building is now the home of Kennedy Museum of Art, showcasing paintings and artwork of all different types of artists. The Dairy Barn Southeastern Ohio Cultural Arts Center, a nonprofit arts organization, is located in the old hospital&#39;s remodeled dairy barn; it is privately owned and operated. The Dairy Barn operates a calendar for sculpting and exhibits. The George V. Voinovich School of Leadership and Public Affairs is also located at The Ridges, in a set of three separate buildings across the area.</p><br>
<p>The old tubercular ward, "Cottage B", which sat on a hill separated from the other buildings, was demolished by Ohio University in 2013 due to the large number of college students exploring the dangerous structure. Cottage B was designed to early 1900s fireproofing standards and incorporated copious asbestos lining inside the walls, making it difficult to remediate.</p><br>
<p>Members of the Athens, Ohio, chapter of NAMI, the National Alliance on Mental Illness, have worked to restore the three graveyards located on the grounds of The Ridges. School organizations provide tours of the facility around Halloween time each year. The preserve is also regularly used by the school&#39;s Army ROTC battalion.</p><br>
<h2>Treatment and quality of care</h2><br>
<p>As one prisoner carved on their sandstone windowsill I was never crazy, today the Ridges reminds intrepid souls of the honest horrors of mental health gaslighting, politics, and past practices.</p><br>
<p>The first patient of the Asylum was a 14-year-old girl with epilepsy, thought to be possessed by a demon. Epilepsy was considered a major cause of "insanity" and reason for admission to the hospital in the early years. The first annual report lists thirty-one men and nineteen women as having their insanity caused by epilepsy. General "ill health" accounted for the admission of thirty-nine men and forty-four women in the first three years of the hospital&#39;s operation.</p><br>
<p>Ailments such as menopause, alcohol addiction, and tuberculosis were cause for enrollment in the hospital. For the female patients hospitalized during these first three years of the asylum&#39;s operation, the three leading causes of insanity are recorded as "puerperal condition" (51 women), "change of life" (32 women), and "menstrual derangements" (29 women). Women with postpartum depression or "hysteria" were labeled insane and sent to recover in the institution. Women were often institutionalized for unnecessary or outright fallacious reasons.</p><br>
<p>The second-most common cause of insanity, as recorded in the first annual report, was "intemperance and dissipation". In the hospital&#39;s first three years of operation, according to the annual report of 1876, eighty-one men and one woman were diagnosed as having their insanity caused by masturbation. Fifty-six men and one woman were diagnosed as having their insanity caused by "intemperance and dissipation" during this same period of time.</p><br>
<p>Records from the asylum document some of the now-discredited theories of the causes of mental illness, as well as the practice of harmful treatments, such as lobotomy. The Ohio University archives collection information regarding employees&#39; background training, which ranged from full training and qualification to a complete lack thereof. Most disturbing is the documentation of hydrotherapy, electroshock, lobotomy, and early psychotropic drugs, many of which have been discredited today as extremely inhumane ways of treating a patient.</p><br>
<h2>Cemeteries</h2><br>
<p>Myths and mystery surround a well-known site in southern Ohio, The Athens Lunatic Asylum. The mystery is fueled, perhaps, because the public cannot access a majority of the information about patients who were treated and lived at the asylum. With special permission and filling out paperwork that is required by the state of Ohio, some of the information can be accessed, however, those interested in finding out about the patients that walked through the doors of the Asylum can satisfy their curiosity by looking to the cemeteries.</p><br>
<p>"There are 1,930 people buried at the three cemeteries located at the Ridges. Of those, 700 women and 959 men lay under the headstones marked only with a number." There were some patients who had died that were reunited with their families and buried in cemeteries around their homes. By 1943, the State of Ohio began putting names, births, and deaths, on the markers of the patients who died.(Friends of Asylum, McCabe) It is unknown as to why the state switched from using only numbers to using names in order to verify who the deceased were, but this practice remained constant through the remainder of time that patients were buried up at the asylum. Although the newer stones had names, births, and deaths, the older stones that remained had not been replaced until recently.</p><br>
<p>By the 1980s the state no longer took care of the cemeteries which made it easy for outsiders to vandalize them. Natural occurrences also caused damage. The stones marking where patients were buried were in desperate need of repair. They were left to the elements and "hundreds of stones were left uprooted and broken."</p><br>
<p>Beginning in 2000, the Athens, Ohio, chapter of the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) started the reclamation for the cemeteries, taking on the work that was once the responsibility of the Ohio Department of Mental Health." NAMI, Athens worked to help restore the cemeteries at the Asylum to its original state. The organization got "involved with other groups and organizations in a major effort to restore, beautify and demystify the three mental health grave yards located on the grounds of the old psychiatric hospital complex on The Ridges." "Since nearly the time of the opening of the cemeteries the State of Ohio has allowed families to erect private markers at the graves of their loved ones, There are very few graves marked in such a way, most likely because descendants are unaware of the opportunity."</p><br>
<p>Since the take over, more information has been found out about the patients that are buried in the three cemeteries. A large portion of the information that has been recovered is about the veterans that had spent the remaining days of their lives at the Asylum. Many of these veterans did not receive honors and only 19 have had any recognition. There are 80 veterans that are buried at the Ridges. Of these veterans two fought in the Mexican War, sixty-eight fought in the Civil War, one was a member in the Confederate Army and another two veterans served with the United States Colored infantry. There are three veterans who served in the Spanish–American War, and seven fought in World War I. Some of the other veterans that are buried here were active duty in the late 19th century and the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>NAMI has also done other things to honor those who have served our country as well as the other patients who are buried in the cemeteries at the Ridges. Besides helping replace grave stones and keeping the grounds in proper condition, in 2005, the Ridges Cemeteries Committee has been organizing Memorial Day Ceremonies for the many veterans buried at the asylum. "Prior to 2005, the veterans had never received such honors. Indeed, neither they nor the others in those cemeteries had received more than a very austere burial - no personalized service whatsoever." NAMI started the Memorial Day Ceremonies to help restore dignity to the patients on the Ridges and to help recognize the sacrifice of the veterans, many who had probably suffered through post traumatic stress disorder as well as other post war symptoms.</p><br>
<p>"To find these "lost" veterans, they were found "through a special search within a broader research project to find background information on the over 1,900 patients buried in the Asylum&#39;s three cemeteries. With the Help of the Athens County Veterans Service Office and a special appropriation from the Athens county Commissioners flag stands and flags have been placed at the graves of all the veterans in the three cemeteries."</p><br>
<h2>In culture</h2><br>
<p>Kirkbride Plan asylums occupy a unique niche in the culture. As more than 70 were built across the nation (with 25 surviving as of 2019) they are a uniquely accessible and idyllic representation of the allures of urban exploration. Kirkbride Plan asylums have appeared in films and television, been the subjects of notable photographers, and inspired fictional locations such as Arkham Asylum in Batman and Parsons State Insane Asylum in Fallout 4.</p><br>
<p>The Kingston Bridge is a historic stone arch bridge crossing the Millstone River on the border of Franklin Township in Somerset County, South Brunswick in Middlesex County and Princeton in Mercer County in New Jersey. The borders for the three townships and their respective counties meet in the center of the bridge. The span used to carry New Jersey Route 27 over the Millstone River, but that road now bypasses the bridge on a newer span just to the north. It is Somerset County&#39;s oldest bridge, and is part of the Kingston Mill Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1986.</p><br>
<p>A previous bridge at the site was destroyed during the American Revolutionary War to halt advancing British troops. The current structure was completed in 1798.</p><br>
<p>The Moss Hill Church, also known as the Moss Hill Methodist Church and now the Moss Hill United Methodist Church, is located near Vernon in Washington County, Florida, in the United States. The Holmes Valley Methodist Mission was established in 1821–1825. The church was built in 1857.</p><br>
<p>Moss Hill Church is listed in the National Register of Historic Places of the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The construction of the church is from heart of pine wood (the center of a pine tree, saturated with sap). This wood also is known in the West Florida dialect as "Fat Lighter". The term "fat" refers to the saturated sap. The term "Lighter" refers to "lighting" or "burning&quot as small spikes of this special wood can be used to begin combustion. Upon aging, the wood becomes very strong, impervious to termites or water damage.</p><br>
<p>The altar area of the church was constructed by the Roche Family, early settlers to Holmes Valley, Florida.</p><br>
<p>The church is still in existence today.</p><br>
<p>The Surf Ballroom  is a Historic Rock and Roll Landmark at 460 North Shore Drive, Clear Lake, Iowa, United States. The Surf is closely associated with the event known colloquially as "The Day the Music Died" – early rock and roll stars Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and J. P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson gave their last performances at the Surf on February 2, 1959, as part of the "Winter Dance Party Tour".</p><br>
<p>On September 6, 2011, The Surf Ballroom was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Name and history</h2><br>
<p>The original Surf Ballroom opened on April 17, 1933. It was named that because the original owners wanted patrons to feel like they were at a surf beach club. Murals were painted on the club walls depicting ocean waves, boats on the water, and palm trees. The furniture is bamboo and rattan, giving a South Sea Islands ambiance. Several fake palm trees rise on each side of the stage. Clouds are painted on the ceiling to give a feeling of dancing outdoors by the ocean.</p><br>
<p>It burned down on April 20, 1947, at an estimated loss of $250,000. On July 1, 1948, it reopened, having been rebuilt across the street from its original location. It still hosts numerous events year round and has a seating capacity of 2,100 and a 6,300 ft&sup2; dance floor. The facility includes a museum of music memorabilia, a Wall of Fame including many of the many famous artists who performed at the venue, and a souvenir shop.</p><br>
<p>The Surf Ballroom is currently owned by the Snyder family of Clear Lake and is open to the public daily. The exterior of the ballroom has changed very little since the 1950s. Backstage, in an area known as "The Green Room," acts that have performed on the ballrooms historic stage, such as Little River Band, Loverboy, The Righteous Brothers, The Temptations, The Beach Boys, Waylon Jennings (before becoming a popular country musician, he worked as Buddy Hollys bassist during the infamous "Winter Dance Party" tour in 1959), and Bobby Rydell have signed their names on the whitewashed walls, and photos of them have been placed on a wall alongside those of early rock-and-roll pioneers.</p><br>
<p>Midwestern music acts that have performed at the Surf Ballroom include childhood Iowa residents The Everly Brothers in &#39;66, Styx, and Soul Asylum.</p><br>
<p>In 1998, the Surf Ballroom was inducted into the Iowa Rock n Roll Hall of Fame in the Ballroom category. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum designated the Surf Ballroom a historical landmark on January 27, 2009. The ceremony giving landmark status to the site kicked off a week-long celebration of the 50th anniversary of the February 2, 1959, "Winter Dance Party" concert and the tragic incident of February 3, 1959.</p><br>
<h2>The Day the Music Died</h2><br>
<p>Holly, Valens, and Richardson left The Surf immediately after the show, going to the nearby Mason City airport and chartering a small plane to take them to Fargo, North Dakota, to prepare for their next show at the Moorhead Armory in Moorhead, Minnesota. The plane took off at 12:55 AM Central Time on Tuesday, February 3, 1959. Shortly after takeoff, the plane crashed, killing everyone aboard.</p><br>
<p>A concrete monument was erected outside The Surf, and the ballroom is adorned with large pictures of the three musicians. In his honor, a street flanking the facility&#39;s east property line is named Buddy Holly Place.</p><br>
<h2>Winter Dance Party tribute event</h2><br>
<p>Each February since 1979, the Surf Ballroom has hosted a "Winter Dance Party" tribute show to honor the lives and legacies of the three stars.</p><br>
<p>The Midtown Greenway is a 5.7 mi rail trail in Minneapolis, Minnesota that follows the path of an abandoned route of the Milwaukee Road railway. It is considered under segregated cycle facilities.</p><br>
<p>Used both recreationally and for commuting, the partially below-grade Greenway runs east–west about one block north of Lake Street. It provides cyclists, inline skaters, runners and pedestrians an almost automobile-free route across the city.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Greenway lies in a former Milwaukee Road railroad corridor along 29th Street. This corridor had been abandoned west of Hiawatha Avenue but is still active east of Hiawatha as part of the Minnesota Commercial Railway. The rail line was originally built between 1879 and 1881; however, as traffic increased, the city of Minneapolis mandated a trench be built between Hiawatha and Irving avenues in 1910. The trench, bridges and retaining walls were evaluated in 1989 as part of the Reinforced-Concrete Highway Bridges in Minnesota MPS, and then listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad Grade Separation. In 1993, the railroad property was purchased by the Hennepin County Regional Railroad Authority.</p><br>
<p>Phase One of the Greenway opened in August 2000, starting at the intersection of 31st Street and Chowen Avenue, just inside Minneapolis city limits. Running between Lake of the Isles and Bde Maka Ska, the Greenway enters the 29th Street trench near Hennepin Avenue. Phase Two opened in November 2004, running from 5th Avenue to Hiawatha Avenue. The rest of the Greenway to the Mississippi River opened as Phase Three in September 2006. In fall of 2007, the new Martin Olav Sabo Bridge was opened by Hennepin County and the city as Phase Four, eliminating a dangerous at-grade crossing at seven-lane Hiawatha Avenue.</p><br>
<p>A 5.5 mile section of the greenway was resurfaced in 2021 using a technique called "microsurfacing". The same section was paved again in September 2022 with normal asphalt after a public petition got more than 2,000 signatures over concerns that the new surface was too rough and potentially unsafe.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The Greenway consists of two one-way bike lanes and one two-way walking path, though they are combined in some places with space constrictions. Because of the historic nature of the corridor, it cannot easily be widened or modified.</p><br>
<p>The Greenway starts near a Lake Street overpass, and continues to the Kenilworth Trail junction. It turns due east, and crosses Dean Parkway on a bridge. It goes in between Bde Maka Ska and Lake of the Isles. it passes over a channel and parkway connecting the two lakes on separate bridges. It has three at grade intersections, at James, Irving, and Humboldt Avenues. It goes into a trench, and passes under 37 bridges, with 20 (as of 2019) of them being built in 1916 or earlier. It has an at-grade junction with 28th Street, and then crosses Hiawatha Avenue on the Martin Olav Sabo Bridge. The trail continues east, and crosses Minnehaha Avenue at-grade. It continues east and crosses local streets. It crosses over 31st Avenue, and 36th Avenue, and passes north of Brackett Park. It then leaves the railroad grade and terminates at West River Parkway.</p><br>
<p>To the west the Greenway connects directly to what was called the Southwest LRT Trail, named after the future light rail with which it will share right-of-way, but is now called the South Cedar Lake Trail overseen by Three Rivers Park District. It also connects to the Kenilworth Trail (which in turn connects to the North Cedar Lake Trail) providing access to downtown Minneapolis and the western suburbs. At its approximate center, on the west side of Sabo bridge the Greenway connects to Little Earth Trail and the surrounding community, and on the east side of the bridge it connects to Hiawatha LRT Trail that reaches Downtown East and Minnehaha Regional Park at each respective end. To the east, the Greenway connects to West River Parkway, a segment of the Grand Rounds Scenic Byway that runs along the Mississippi River.</p><br>
<p>The Freewheel Bike Center, consisting of a bike store and repair shop, as well as shower and locker facilities, opened in May 2008 at the Midtown Exchange near where the Greenway intersects Chicago Avenue, but closed. In 2023, opened a bike store with similar amenities in the same location.</p><br>
<p>Bike traffic on the Greenway has increased 261% between 2003 and 2011.</p><br>
<h2>Future</h2><br>
<p>A fifth phase, which would carry cyclists across the Mississippi River, has an undetermined completion date. Planners hoped to use the Short Line Bridge to St. Paul, though the Canadian Pacific Railway (successor to Milwaukee Road) has not been receptive to the proposal. In addition, engineers have expressed concerns over the safety of the bridge.</p><br>
<p>Currently plans to use the extra Greenway right-of-way for a streetcar line is also under consideration and has the general support of the Greenway Coalition.</p><br>
<p>Mount Saint Michael  is a former Seminary, School, Farm and Retreat for the Jesuit order of the Roman Catholic Church in Spokane, Washington. It was later sold to Congregation of Mary Immaculate Queen , a Sedevacantist Catholic religious congregation. Sedevacantists are traditionalist Catholics believe that all pontiffs after Pius XII are false popes due to perceived error taught in the Second Vatican Council.</p><br>
<p>It serves as the home of Saint Michael&#39;s Academy and as a parish center for Sedevacanists in the Spokane area. It is staffed by the priests, brothers and sisters of the Congregation of Mary Immaculate Queen. The main building serves as the motherhouse for the sisters. The rectory for the priests and brothers is also located on the property in a separate building.</p><br>
<p>Mount Saint Michael is listed on the National Register of Historic Places by the National Park Service.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>St. Michaels was founded by Father Joseph Caruana as a Jesuit mission just north of Spokane in the mid-19th century to serve the Native Americans in the area. In 1878, Caruanas successor, Father Joseph Cataldo, moved the mission to its current location with a purchase of almost 1,000 acres (4 km) of land at the price of $2 per acre. From 1881 until 1915, Mount St. Michael was used primarily as a farm, supplying now-Gonzaga University with fresh produce and dairy products.</p><br>
<p>In the spring of 1915 construction began on a scholasticate to accommodate the rising number of vocations to the Jesuit order at the cost of $400,000. Father Arthuis, who had just completed St. Aloysius Gonzaga Church at Gonzaga University, was placed in charge of construction. He built a railroad 1100 feet (340 m) in length to convey building materials up the 320 foot (98 m) bluff. The four story Tudor-Gothic building was built in the shape of a "T" and contained a chapel, dining room, kitchen, gymnasium, physics and chemistry labs, lecture halls and residences for the scholastics.</p><br>
<p>In the 1920s, a grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes was built by one of the Jesuit brothers in fulfillment of a vow. Mass is offered at the outdoor chapel and faithful often gather here to pray the Rosary.</p><br>
<p>In 1929, work began on the three-story west wing. The new wing housed another 100 students and contained the new library. In 1930 a seismometer from Gonzaga University was moved to a basement laboratory at Mount St. Michael, where seismologists kept careful records of seismic activity. Mount St. Michael soon gained international acknowledgement as an important seismographic center.</p><br>
<p>At this time the 700 acre (2.8 km) farm provided all the food needed for the seminary. Jesuit brothers, farmers, tailors, bakers, cobblers, bee keepers and horticulturists, saw to the material needs of the community and the formation of the candidates placed in their charge. It was said to be one of the finest Jesuit houses of study in the world.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s the Jesuit order experienced a drastic drop in the number of vocations and Mount St. Michael closed its doors as a scholasticate in 1968. For the next ten years, Mount St. Michael served as a residence for retired Jesuit priests and as an ecumenical prayer and retreat center.</p><br>
<h2>Sedevacantist congregation</h2><br>
<p>In 1977, the Jesuits sold Mount St. Michael to the Congregation of Mary Immaculate Queen, led by Francis Schuckardt. Mount St. Michael served as a boys&#39; school, seminary and rectory for the priests and brothers of the Congregation. Schuckardt was not ordained by the Roman Catholic Church but by American Old Catholic bishop Daniel Quilter Brown. Schuckardt founded a sedevacantist congregation at Mount St. Michael, and eventually declared himself the true Pope, before being ousted by other members of the CMRI, on account of credible allegations of grave immorality.</p><br>
<p>Schuckardt was succeeded by Denis Chicoine, Casimir M. Puskorius, and Mark Pivarunas, who is currently the congregation&#39;s Bishop.</p><br>
<p>The Sisters of Mary, Mother of the Church was formed under the Roman Catholic Diocese of Spokane by 15 nuns expelled from Mount St. Michael in 2007 for rejecting their former group&#39;s Sedevacantist teaching.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Mount St. Michael serves a variety of needs for Spokane area sedevacantist Catholics. The east wing serves as a cloistered residence for the religious sisters. The west wing houses church offices, a religious gift shop with traditional Catholic books and religious goods, a library, and Saint Michael&#39;s Academy, a K-12 school for boys and girls.</p><br>
<p>A chapel located on the second floor serves as the parochial and school church and is used for the solemn celebration of the sacred liturgy in the Tridentine Mass.</p><br>
<h2>Sexual abuse allegations</h2><br>
<p>In September 2002 and January 2003, two lawsuits alleging sexual abuse of "roughly 25 plaintiffs" were filed against former Catholic priest Patrick ODonnell, not a member of CMRI, also naming the Catholic Diocese of Spokane as a defendant for its failure to protect children from ODonnell. Two of the plaintiffs, brothers Steve and Terry Barber, allege that ODonnell molested them at the Mount St. Michael Seminary. ODonnell has admitted to molesting some, but not all, of the plaintiffs.</p><br>
<p>Franklin National Bank was a bank based in Franklin Square on Long Island, New York. It was once the United States&#39; 20th largest bank. On October 8, 1974, it collapsed in obscure circumstances involving Michele Sindona, who was a renowned Mafia-banker and member of the irregular freemasonic lodge Propaganda Due. It was at the time the largest bank failure in the history of the country.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The bank was founded as Franklin Square National Bank in 1926 and changed its name to Franklin National Bank in 1947. Its original location was built in 1929 in Franklin Square, a suburban hamlet in Nassau County. It was subsequently expanded in stages through 1955. It consists of the original 1929 one-story Colonial Revival style building; a 1939 expansion; a 1946/47 expansion which included the addition of a second floor, pediment, partial hipped roof, cupola, rear four-story addition and a two-story banking hall; and a 1955 four-story rear office addition and drive-through teller. The building remained the bank&#39;s headquarters until 1960, when a new headquarters was built about 4 miles away in Mineola, New York, the county seat.</p><br>
<p>Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>and The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<p>Arthur T. Roth joined the bank in 1934 as head teller and became president in 1946. Under his leadership, Franklin National Bank introduced many banking innovations, including junior savings accounts (1947), the drive-up teller window (1950), the bank credit card (1951), a no-smoking policy on banking floors (1958), and outdoor teller machines at branch banks (1968) – along with the Franklin Savings Bond, which later developed into the Certificate of Deposit (1969).</p><br>
<p>In 1955, Franklin National Bank acquired the Roslyn National Bank and Trust Company and the First National Bank of Glen Cove.</p><br>
<p>In 1964, Franklin opened branch offices in New York City, and in 1967 merged with Federation Bank & Trust Company. In 1968, Roth was removed as CEO by his protégé, Harold Gleason, after an alleged conflict of interest real estate scandal involving Donald Roth and the proposed airfield development at Calverton, New York. Importantly, the bank had several branches on the Bahamas and other tax havens before 1971. In 1970, Roth lost his position as Chairman and was pushed off the board of directors in favor of an influential future promised by Michele Sindona. Gleason then became chairman and chief executive officer, inviting Laurence Tisch to join as vice chairman as he was a 22% shareholder.</p><br>
<h2>Collapse</h2><br>
<p>In 1972, Michele Sindona, a banker with close ties to the Mafia, the masonic lodge P2, and the Nixon administration, purchased a controlling interest in Long Island&#39;s Franklin National Bank from Laurence Tisch, Chairman of Loews Corporation, which owned hotels in Italy. Later the USA Comptroller of the Currency declared Tisch an unqualified director for reasons of conflict of interest, paving the way for Sindona to take over Franklin. Sindona paid more than Tisch had paid for the stock. Tisch was later sued by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) for breach of fiduciary duty with respect to the sale of his shares to Sindona. Tisch had bought the shares in a gradual accumulation as a favor for Sindona. It would appear the sudden need to sell the shares and Sindona sitting in the wings allowed the purchase of shares by Sindona to appear as a golden angel to the rescue. Harold Gleason orchestrated the situation by appointing Tisch as a board member, creating the conflict of interest circumstance which would allow Tisch to make the sale to Sindona for other than investment quality reasons. Neither the Comptroller of the Currency, the FDIC, or the Security and Exchange Commission showed any interest in the matter.</p><br>
<p>As a result of his acquisition of a controlling stake in Franklin, Sindona finally had a money laundering operation to aid his ties to Vatican Bank and the Sicilian drug cartel. Sindona used the bank&#39;s ability to transfer funds, produce letters of credit, and trade in foreign currencies to begin building a banking empire in the USA Allegedly Sindona used his influence in the Republican Party and the Nixon administration to ensure that his background did not inhibit his ability to become vice chairman and largest stockholder in the bank. Unfortunately Sindona began to suffer huge losses in the foreign exchange markets, and decided to defraud the bank of $30,000,000 to cover his losses, which brought the bank below its capital needs to operate. In mid-1974, management revealed huge losses, and depositors started taking out large withdrawals, causing the bank to have to borrow over $1 billion from the Federal Reserve Bank. On October 8, 1974, the bank was declared insolvent due to mismanagement and fraud, involving losses in foreign currency speculation and poor loan policies.</p><br>
<p>In 1975, Peter Shaddick, the former executive vice-chairman of the banks international division, pleaded guilty to fraud. Following their 1979 trial in Federal District Court in New York, Gleason, Paul Luftig, the banks former president and chief administrative officer, and J. Michael Carter, a former senior vice president, were convicted of falsifying financial records. The Italian lawyer and liquidator of Sindona&#39;s Italian financial empire, Giorgio Ambrosoli, provided the US Justice Department with evidence to convict Sindona for his role in the collapse of the Bank. Ambrosoli was killed by a Mafia hitman commissioned by Sindona in July 1979.</p><br>
<p>In 1980, "mysterious Michele" was convicted in the United States and in 1984 was extradited to Italy. In March 1986, he died of cyanide poisoning while serving a life sentence. Some sources indicate he was murdered, while others indicate he committed suicide. Murder could have been by actors in revenge for Sindonas alleged, but until now still unproven, murder of Pope John Paul I. Others say there was fear that old men in jail talk as they contemplate their doom. Franklins assets were later purchased by European American Bank, itself later acquired by Citigroup.</p><br>
<p>Boggy Depot is a ghost town and Oklahoma State Park that was formerly a significant city in the Indian Territory. It grew as a vibrant and thriving town in present-day Atoka County, Oklahoma, United States, and became a major trading center on the Texas Road and the Butterfield Overland Mail route between Missouri and San Francisco. After the Civil War, when the MKT Railroad came through the area, it bypassed Boggy Depot and the town began a steady decline. It was soon replaced by Atoka as the chief city in the area. By the early 20th century, all that remained of the community was a sort of ghost town.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians founded the town in 1837. The United States government had moved the Choctaws and Chickasaws to Indian Territory from Mississippi and Alabama in the 1830s. While at first the two tribes lived together on the Choctaw land, the Chickasaws later emigrated to the western portions of the Indian Territory and formed their own separate nation on land transferred to them by the Choctaw.</p><br>
<p>Boggy Depot was located in Atoka County, Choctaw Nation, a territorial-era government unit that included portions of today&#39;s Atoka, Coal, Hughes and Pittsburg counties.</p><br>
<p>In 1834, General Henry Leavenworth built the military road from Camp Washita (later Fort Washita) to Fort Gibson. For years this road served as a dividing line between the Choctaw and Chickasaw lands. Afterwards a treaty created a formal dividing line between the nations, with Boggy Depot on the east side of the line in Choctaw lands. The Reverend Cyrus Kingsbury established the church in Boggy Depot in 1840. The church building was the temporary capitol of the Choctaw Nation in 1859. Boggy Depot received a post office in 1848, and in 1858 became a stop on the Butterfield Overland Stage line. During the Civil War, a Union raiding party fought a Confederate group at the Battle of Middle Boggy Depot a few miles northeast of Boggy Depot, which had become the major supply depot in Indian Territory for the Confederates.</p><br>
<p>As part of the treaty between the Five Civilized Tribes and the United States government at the end of the Civil War the tribes had to allow the construction of a north to south railroad across their lands. This railroad became a reality in 1872. The Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railway, or Katy, ran 12 mi east of Boggy Depot and was the end of the town&#39;s importance. The city of Atoka, on the railroad, flourished while Boggy Depot languished and became a ghost town. The Boggy Depot post office officially closed on July 31, 1934.</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>Today little remains of the original town except for a few stone foundations and the cemetery. Choctaw Chief Allen Wright and the Reverend Cyrus Kingsbury are buried there. Boggy Depot Park 34&deg;19&prime;14&Prime;N latitude, 96&deg;18&prime;28&Prime;W longitude, formerly known as Boggy Depot State Park, is a recreation area that commemorates the old town and the history of the area. The park gets its name from Clear Boggy Creek and from its use as a Confederate commissary depot during the Civil War. The park features a fishing lake, nature trail, baseball diamond, playground, picnic tables, group picnic shelters, charcoal grills, and comfort stations with showers. After the state announced that it would close the park as a budget-cutting measure, the Choctaw tribe took over ownership and management responsibilities. This is no longer a state park. Boggy Depot was added to the National Register of Historic Places (#72001050) in 1972.</p><br>
<p>The Chickasaw nation was reluctant to spend its funds on major capital improvements unless it had clear title to the property. In 2013, the Oklahoma House of Representatives considered a bill to transfer ownership of the property to the Chickasaws.</p><br>
<h2>Media</h2><br>
<p>Jerry Cantrell from the rock band Alice in Chains, named his first solo album Boggy Depot after the area where his father grew up. The album cover shows Cantrell covered in mud standing waist-deep in a branch of the Boggy River.</p><br>
<p>Queen Anne High School  was a Seattle Public Schools high school on Galer Street atop Queen Anne Hill in Seattle, Washington, United States. The building was converted to condominium apartments in 2007.</p><br>
<p>The school was built in 1908 with additions in 1929 and 1955, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. It is also an official City of Seattle landmark.</p><br>
<p>The school closed in 1981 due to decreasing enrollment. Students in the school&#39;s attendance area transferred to various high schools in the district. The school facility underwent renovation and adaptive reuse to become a residential apartment building in 1986, with 137 apartments. In 2006 the residential apartments underwent another renovation and converted to condominium units.</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni</h2><br>
<p>Steve Anderson - silver medalist at the 1928 Summer Olympics in the 110-meter hurdles. Tied the world record in the 120-yard hurdles.</p><br>
<p>Rex Buren Beisel – Aviation engineer</p><br>
<p>Howard Brandt, Class of 1958 – physicist</p><br>
<p>Walter Houser Brattain, 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics; attended for one year.</p><br>
<p>Arthur C. Brooks, Class of 1981 – social scientist and president of the American Enterprise Institute</p><br>
<p>Tory Bruno, Class of 1979 - aerospace executive and rocket scientist. CEO of United Launch Alliance</p><br>
<p>Peter W. Chiarelli, Class of 1968 – Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army (2008–2012)</p><br>
<p>Donald R. Colvin, Class of 1936 – law clerk to Justice William O. Douglas, USA Supreme Court</p><br>
<p>Kathi Goertzen, Class of 1976 – television reporter and news anchor</p><br>
<p>Leslie Groves, Class of 1914 – Lieutenant General, oversaw the construction of the Pentagon, directed the Manhattan Project</p><br>
<p>Dwight Gustafson, Class of 1948 – composer, music educator.</p><br>
<p>Bob Houbregs, Class of 1949 – member, Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame</p><br>
<p>L. Ron Hubbard – founded the Church of Scientology</p><br>
<p>Helmi Juvonen, Class of 1922 - Artist (Northwest School)</p><br>
<p>Hank Ketcham, Class of 1937 – creator of Dennis the Menace</p><br>
<p>Gary Kildall, Class of 1960 - was an American computer scientist and creator of CP/M, the first standard operating system for personal computers</p><br>
<p>Lucile Lomen, Class of 1937 – first woman law clerk at USA Supreme Court</p><br>
<p>Peter Norton, Class of 1961 – American computer guru / philanthropist</p><br>
<p>Joel Pritchard, Class of 1944 – American businessman and politician, served in USA House of Representatives, the 14th Lieutenant Governor of Washington, and co-inventor of pickleball</p><br>
<p>Mary Randlett, – attended but did not graduate, before becoming a photographer of the Northwest School</p><br>
<p>Harold Weeks, – jazz composer</p><br>
<p>Kirby Wilbur - radio personality and conservative political activist</p><br>
<p>The Ravine Bluffs Development was commissioned in 1915 by Frank Lloyd Wright&#39;s attorney, Sherman Booth Jr. It is located in Glencoe, Illinois. Six houses, three poured concrete sculptures, and one bridge were built. Five of the houses were for rent when built. All 5 rental houses share the same basic floor plan as "A Fireproof House for $5000".</p><br>
<p>Client&#39;s home:</p><br>
<p>Sherman Booth House</p><br>
<p>Rentals:</p><br>
<p>Charles R. Perry House</p><br>
<p>Hollis R. Root House</p><br>
<p>William F. Kier House</p><br>
<p>Lute F. and Daniel Kissam House</p><br>
<p>William F. Ross House - differs in design from the other 4 rentals, has fireplace to the side - was purchased by architect John Eifler and was restored from 2011-2014.</p><br>
<h2>Bridge</h2><br>
<p>The Ravine Bluffs Development Bridge, also known as the Sylvan Road Bridge, was a bridge designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and located at the northeastern entrance of the Development. It crosses over the ravine from which the project gets its name. In the 1980s, the bridge was rebuilt. It is one of only 2 bridges designed by Wright to be built. The other bridge is a residential bridge that spans Bear Run to access the residence known as Fallingwater.</p><br>
<p>The Batchelder House is a historic home built in 1910 and located at 626 South Arroyo Boulevard in Pasadena, California. An important center of Pasadena cultural life in its day, the home was designed and built by Ernest A. Batchelder, a prominent leader of the Arts and Crafts Movement, and his wife, Alice Coleman, an accomplished musician. The house, a large bungalow, has a "woodsy" design with elements of a Swiss chalet style. Batchelders first craft shop was located in the structure, where decorative tiles were made for Greene and Greene, the Heineman Brothers, and other noted local architects of the era. Coleman also used the houses backyard stage to host chamber music concerts.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 14, 1978. It is part of the Lower Arroyo Seco Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Menger Hotel is an historic hotel located in downtown San Antonio, Texas, US, on the site of the Battle of the Alamo.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 as a contributing building in the Alamo Plaza Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>The Menger family</h2><br>
<p>William and Mary Menger opened the Menger hotel in 1859 in what is now San Antonios Alamo Plaza Historic District, which includes the Alamo Mission. The plans for the hotel arose through the popularity of William Mengers brewery. The Mengers sold the property in 1881 to the Kampmann family. William Menger had emigrated from Germany to America in 1847. Menger settled in San Antonio and resumed his previous trade as a cooper and brewer. With his German roots Menger brought beer to San Antonio. He opened the Menger Brewery in 1855 on the battle-grounds of the Alamo (now known as the Alamo Plaza).</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>In 1858 the Mengers hired an architect, John M. Fries, along with a contractor, J. H. Kampmann, to complete the two-story, 50-room hotel in San Antonio, Texas, which became a stopping point on the Chisholm Trail where cattle drovers could replenish their supplies while cattlemen sold and bought their livestock. Up until this time most accommodations in San Antonio were boarding houses, and there were few breweries. The Menger Hotel, opened in February 1859, served as a meeting place for cattle barons and was an immediate success; many cattle business transactions were made over the years in the hotel lobby. A marker in the present-day hotel courtyard commemorates the Chisholm Trail.</p><br>
<h2>Civil War period</h2><br>
<p>With the beginning of the American Civil War, a large number of Confederate soldiers were stationed at San Antonio, creating a need for more boarding houses to house them. The Menger family put the building in use to aid the Confederate war effort, and shut down the hotel&#39;s guestrooms. They kept the dining room open to feed military personnel, and offered space for the care of wounded soldiers. Once the war ended the hotel resumed full operations.</p><br>
<h2>Death of William Menger</h2><br>
<p>After a little over a decade of running the Menger Hotel, William Menger died in 1871. However, Mary Menger and her son Louis William continued to run the hotel and brewery. She quickly ran an announcement in the local newspaper that she would carry on the business and her husband&#39;s death "would cause no change in affairs" within the hotel or brewery. She carried on business as usual and bought neighboring land on which to build new rooms to serve the influx of guests. In a one-year period she hosted more than 2,000 guests.</p><br>
<p>On February 19, 1877, the first passenger train steamed into San Antonio, which further contributed to the growing success of the hotel. This allowed for a higher volume of travelers through the city and promoted the growth of the Alamo Plaza, which became the location of San Antonio&#39;s first federal post office, opened in 1877. The hotel offered a mail chute on each floor for guests to use—outgoing mail was collected and taken to the post office. Mary Menger was aware that the building was lacking in modern bathrooms, proper water closets, or room service bells, and made these improvements.</p><br>
<p>By 1879, Menger had gas lighting installed. Although she and her son Louis maintained the hotel as well as they could, she was getting too old to manage the business and her son was not interested in taking over. Thus the decision was made to sell the hotel to its original contractor, Major J. H. Kampmann. It was sold on November 7, 1881, for $118,500.</p><br>
<h2>Kampmann ownership</h2><br>
<p>Over the hotels history, there have been different managers and management groups of the Menger Hotel, including Major John Hermann (J.H) Kampmann, Hermann Kampmann, William Louis Moody Jr, and Hector R. Venegas. Major John Hermann (J.H) Kampmann managed the hotel from 1881 until 1943. He was the contractor who was hired in 1858 to build the hotel. During those years, he made various necessary changes to the hotels structure. Kampmann was a builder and architect, credited with building the original Menger Hotel. Having acquired possession, Kampmann added stories and more contemporary additions to the hotel building. In response to criticism in local newspapers of the hotels lack of amenities, Kampmann immediately began to remodel it. Soon an east wing was added, the kitchen was relocated, another lobby was added and the dining room was expanded to accommodate 160 people. The renovation added a laundry and brought piped water to every room, allowing private bathrooms, which contributed to a resurgence of the hotels popularity, because few hotels offered such at the time.</p><br>
<p>Major Kampmann, much like William Menger, had wanted to provide an establishment that allowed travelers to stay in a hotel that delivered premium service. As documented in an 1885 survey, guests had access to a well-appointed bar room, billiard hall, and barbershop which were connected to the hotel. His father had previously made many renovations to the hotel, but Hermann felt that more additions and restorations should be made. He reportedly arranged for an architect to study the House of Lords club bar in England to create a facsimile in the hotel, and in 1887, a new saloon was added. This bar was patronized by local citizens as well as celebrities. The Menger Bar, as it is called, had "ornate mahogany tables and chairs... large mirrors... fine crystal and sterling silver." Teddy Roosevelt drank and recruited his Rough Riders there. Additionally, Hermann added a fourth floor to the Blum Street side of the hotel. The ever-growing demand for rooms became the hotel&#39;s most pressuring need. Besides the creation of the bar and an additional story added to the building, Hermann also brought the latest technology to the hotel, including a steam elevator and laundries, electric lights and an artesian well. Also around this time, a reading area was also added, where a number of early writers and chroniclers of life in the Southwestern United States who stayed at the Menger wrote and worked. By 1897 Kampmann had the kitchen remodeled once again, and included new furnishings and fixtures in the dining room.</p><br>
<p>As business began to flourish Hermann found it difficult to manage it, and turned over active management to J.W. McClean and J.H. Mudge, but retained the final say in major decisions. He died in 1902 in a horse and buggy accident. Ownership of the hotel was passed to all of the Kampmann family as there was no individual family member who wanted to take over. Although they were not interested in the hotel business they attempted to renovate the hotel in 1909 by contracting architect Alfred Giles. He was to replace the front wall with a French facade, add marble floor to the lobby, construct an arched opening from the lobby to the patio, create a patterned tile floor in the Victorian lobby and lastly create corinthian columns to the oval shaped lobby. All of these additions made the Menger Hotel the most elegant in San Antonio which was crucial to its success for new hotels were now opening around the area such as the Crockett Hotel and Gunter Hotel. In 1912, the Kampmann family employed architect Atlee B. Ayres to renovate the dining room and add 30 guestrooms.</p><br>
<p>After World War I the family could no longer provide for the hotel to host large social events and by 1929 the hotel had been so neglected that it was removed from the state guidebooks. The Great Depression also contributed to the hotel&#39;s abandonment; because few people were taking rooms, there was a lack of revenue to make needed repairs and renovations, and the hotel entered its period of so-called "declining elegance". Times were difficult for the hotel as well during World War II, so much so that plans to tear it down and replace it with a parking lot were discussed.</p><br>
<h2>Moody ownership</h2><br>
<p>William Lewis Moody Jr. bought the Menger Hotel in 1943, and on June 30, 1944, the National Hotel Corporation, which he had founded in 1928, took possession. Under his supervision, a complete restoration of the hotel began in 1945 after World War II ended, and by 1948, new plumbing, electrical fixtures, and building decorations had been installed and the Spanish patio gardens restored as well. The floor coverings were replaced with carpeting, guestrooms and public rooms were renovated, and $100,000 was spent on equipping a new kitchen. Moody also had the various artworks on the property restored by local artist Ernst Raba, the antique furniture was refinished and reupholstered, and lastly the colonial dining room was restored.</p><br>
<p>After all this restoration work was completed, the lobby that J.H. Kampmann had constructed in 1881 and several guestrooms above it were torn down and replaced with a new lobby and 3 floors of air-conditioned guestrooms above. In all of his plans to renovate the hotel Moody had decided to leave the original portion that William Menger had built. On March 2, 1951, Moody was recognized by the San Antonio Conservation Society for his work in remodeling the Menger and for making it a landmark in San Antonio. In 1953, a swimming pool was added to the property. Moody died at age eighty-nine in 1954, when ownership of the hotel passed to his oldest daughter Mary Moody Northen. Many other members of the Moody family were involved with operations of the Menger Hotel, and still are.</p><br>
<p>The upcoming World&#39;s Fair of 1968, dubbed the Hemisfair by local San Antonians, motivated Mary Moody Northen to spend $1.5 million on a five-story addition with 110 guestrooms to accommodate the expected tourists. This new establishment, designed by architects Atlee B. Ayres and Robert Ayres, was named the Motor Hotel, which included drive-in convenience and valet parking. In 1986 Mary Moody Northen died and ownership of the hotel passed to her nephew Robert L. Moody Jr. who became the new chairman of the Moody Foundation. By 1991 the Hotel Corporation, also known as the Gal-Tex Corporation, finished restoration of the 8,000 square feet retail space on the Alamo Plaza side of the hotel, at a cost of about $9 million.</p><br>
<h2>Famous guests</h2><br>
<p>Over its history the Menger Hotel has been the scene for many important events, and has had many famous guests. The list of guests includes Presidents: Ulysses S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison, Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, William H. Taft, William McKinley, Harry S. Truman, Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, Lyndon B. Johnson, George H. W. Bush, and Bill Clinton; military figures, including Sam Houston, Robert E. Lee and William Hood Simpson; and other public figures, including Oscar Wilde.</p><br>
<h2>19th-century cuisine</h2><br>
<p>Another popular draw to the hotel during its early years was the cuisine offered by Mary Menger herself. She had long prepared meals for her guests at her boarding house and felt that doing so at the Menger Hotel as well would strengthen its appeal. Menger devised a menu for the guests that included a selection of soups, beef, pasta, veal, and a variety of desserts, all served at a single sitting. The Mengers purchased the highest-quality beef, chicken, country butter and eggs they could find at local markets, and sent out a wagon with benches that would drive around town picking up businessmen to take them to the hotel to dine. Mary Menger was also known for throwing lavish dinner parties for celebrity guests. Many of her recipes are still offered today in the hotel&#39;s Colonial Dining Room, and the mango ice cream is still popular with guests.</p><br>
<h2>Historical recognition</h2><br>
<p>The Menger Hotel has been recognized by the state of Texas and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. It is a member of Historic Hotels of America, an official program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation. The Menger Hotel is currently owned by Galveston-based 1859 Historic Hotels, Inc., which also owns the 1909-built Crockett Hotel across the street, also adjacent to The Alamo complex.</p><br>
<p>Thurber House is a literary center for readers and writers located in Columbus, Ohio, in the historic former home of author, humorist, and New Yorker cartoonist James Thurber. Thurber House is dedicated to promoting the literary arts by presenting quality literary programming; increasing the awareness of literature as a significant art form; promoting excellence in writing; providing support for literary artists; and commemorating Thurber&#39;s literary and artistic achievements. The house is individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and also as part of the Jefferson Avenue Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>James Thurber was born in Columbus at a different home. Thurbers family rented this home on Jefferson Avenue while he was a student at Ohio State University. He and his family lived there until 1917. Thurber later wrote of his experience here in My Life and Hard Times. Thurber claimed to have experienced a ghost in the house on November 17, 1915, and the incident inspired his short story "The Night the Ghost Got In". Writer William ORourke, who lived at the house in 1984, wrote his own version titled "The Night the Ghost Didnt Get In", published in Poets & Writers Magazine in 1988. Thurbers short story “The Night the Bed Fell” was also inspired by events in the house.</p><br>
<p>Thurber&#39;s time in the house was challenging, particularly because of his experience at the university. Due to his physical limitations, including bad eyesight, he performed poorly at required gym classes and military drills. He was not invited to join a fraternity and, as such, found few social connections. Though he registered for classes in his sophomore year, 1914–1915, he mostly stopped going to classes and failed them all. Eventually, he befriended former child star Elliott Nugent, who helped Thurber become more outgoing. He eventually became co-editor of the campus newspaper and contributed to the humor magazine before becoming its editor.</p><br>
<p>Thurber left school in 1918 amidst World War I. For a few years he worked for the Columbus Dispatch before moving to New York. In 1927, he began his association with The New Yorker and contributed to that magazine for the rest of his career. Though he ultimately spent relatively little time in Columbus, Thurber&#39;s experience there influenced his writings. As he once noted, "Many of my books prove that I am never far away from Ohio in my thoughts, and that the clocks that strike in my dreams are often the clocks of Columbus."</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>Thurber House opened to the public as a historic house museum in 1984 after extensive renovation to the historic house. Furnishings have been restored to the period when the Thurber family lived there from 1913 to 1917. Visitors can view the first two floors, which contain a formal parlor, living room, dining room, five bedrooms, and a bathroom. Guests are also allowed to interact with many museum materials, such as sitting on chairs or playing the piano. The parents bedroom features rotating displays of Thurber memorabilia, including a display of Thurbers drawings that became New Yorker covers.</p><br>
<p>Thurber House is part of The Jefferson Center for Learning and the Arts, a one-block stretch of Queen Anne Style Victorian homes that house cultural and social service nonprofit organizations.</p><br>
<h2>Events</h2><br>
<p>Since its opening as a museum, Thurber House has become a gathering place for readers, writers, and Thurber enthusiasts of all ages. Its programs for both children and adults include author readings, writing classes, and celebrations of Thurber&#39;s life.</p><br>
<p>Through its Evenings with Authors, a series of readings and receptions with nationally known authors, Thurber House has attracted well-known writers such as John Updike, T.C. Boyle, Tracy Chevalier, and Scott Turow. The Thurber House also hosts two writers in residence each year through the John E. Nance Writer-in-Residence Program and the Childrens Writer in Residence Program. The Writer in Residence lives on the top floor of the Thurber House for four weeks. The Childrens Writer-in-Residence also teaches ten hours a week for the Thurber House Summer Writing Camp.</p><br>
<p>The annual Thurber Prize for American Humor has become the nations highest designation of the art of humor writing. Its childrens programs, including the popular Thurber Summer Writing Camp, and the winter program Writing Wizards have nurtured thousands of young writers.</p><br>
<p>Bacons Castle, also variously known as "Allens Brick House" or the "Arthur Allen House" is located in Surry County, Virginia, United States, and is the oldest documented brick dwelling in what is now the United States. Built in 1665, it is noted as an extremely rare example of Jacobean architecture in the New World.</p><br>
<p>The house became known as "Bacons Castle" because it was occupied as a fort or "castle" by the followers of Nathaniel Bacon during Bacons Rebellion in 1676. However, contrary to popular folklore, Bacon never lived at Bacon&#39;s Castle, nor is he even known to have visited it.</p><br>
<p>Today Bacons Castle is an historic house museum and historic site open for guest visitation. Bacons Castle is an official Preservation Virginia historic site and operates under its 501 (c)(3) not-for-profit status.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Soon after Surry County was formed in the English colony of Virginia in 1652, Arthur Allen built a high style Jacobean brick house in 1665 near the James River, where he and his wife Alice (née Tucker) Allen lived. He was a wealthy merchant and a Justice of the Peace in Surry County. Allen died in 1669, but his son, Major Arthur Allen II, inherited the house and property. Major Allen was a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses.</p><br>
<p>About mid-September, 1676, a number of the rebel followers of frontiersman Nathaniel Bacon seized the brick house of Major Allen and fortified it. The garrison, commanded at various times by William Rookings, Arthur Long, Joseph Rogers and John Clements, retained control of the house for over three months while their cause declined. The death of Bacon in October left his forces under the leadership of Joseph Ingram, who proved to be unsuited to the command. Ingram dispersed his army in small garrisons, and as the demoralized troops began to plunder indiscriminately, the condition of the colony soon became deplorable.</p><br>
<p>Royal Governor Sir William Berkeley began to conquer the isolated posts one by one, some by force and some by persuasion. On December 29, a loyal force aboard the vessel Young Prince, captured an unidentified "fort" which many historians have identified as Bacon&#39;s Castle. After withstanding a brief siege early in January, 1677, the loyalists used the "fort" as a base of operations for the last engagements of the rebellion, which ended before the month was out.</p><br>
<p>The Allen familys brick home became known as "Bacons Castle" because it was occupied as a fort or "castle" by the followers of Nathaniel Bacon during Bacons Rebellion in 1676. However, contrary to popular folklore, Bacon never lived at Bacons Castle, nor is he even known to have visited it. Bacon was the proprietor of Curles Neck Plantation in Henrico County, about 30 miles upriver on the northern bank of the James River. Many historians believe the name "Bacons Castle" was not used until many years after Bacons Rebellion. In 1769, the Virginia Gazette newspaper in the capital city of Williamsburg used that name when it published several articles about Bacon&#39;s Rebellion.</p><br>
<p>During the Civil War, Private Sidney Lanier (2nd Battalion, Macon Volunteers), later one of the "Poets of the Confederacy", was stationed at nearby Burwells Bay from May 1863 to October 1864 with the Confederate signal corps. He and his brother Clifford were devoted friends of the Hankins family, then owners of Bacons Castle, and the brothers often visited the estate when they were on duty at Burwells Bay. Virginia Hankins, or Ginna, as she was called, rejected Sidney Laniers May 1867 proposal of marriage solely because of the obligation she felt towards her motherless younger brothers and sisters, but they remained lifelong friends.</p><br>
<p>Ginna&#39;s brother, James DeWitt Hankins, was a law student at the University of Virginia at the outbreak of the war. He was a member of the Jefferson Society, a literary society at the university. He was commissioned June 22, 1861 as first lieutenant of artillery, Fourth Regiment, Virginia Militia. Later, he was promoted to Captain of the Surry Light Artillery and served through Appomattox. Captain Hankins was killed by William Underwood in a duel on October 18, 1866, at Isle of Wight Courthouse over insults previously exchanged between the two men while drinking in a tavern. The tragedy created intense excitement throughout the Virginia Tidewater where the families of both parties were prominent and well known, and started a long running feud between the Hankins and Underwood families. Despite the fact that dueling had been outlawed in Virginia in 1810 following the famous duel between Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr, and the fact that the so-called "duel" was essentially a shootout, Underwood pleaded not guilty at his murder trial on May 16, 1867. On May 30, the jury unanimously voted to acquit.</p><br>
<p>At the request of Virginia Hankins, Sidney Lanier wrote "In Memoriam" for her brother who had been his friend.</p><br>
<p>Like other James River Plantations, Bacons Castle faced the problems of loss of manpower due to the emancipation of slaves, and insurmountable debt following the Civil War. Financially strapped, Ginnas father John Hankins had mortgaged the property prior to his death in 1870. Unable to raise money to pay the mortgage, Virginia Hankins sold the 1,200 acre estate in 1872 to the mortgage holder to pay off the debt and provide for her brothers and sisters education. The family moved to Richmond where she became a schoolteacher, learned in Latin, French, and German. She also wrote poetry and an unpublished novel. She never married. She died December 24, 1888, and is buried in Hollywood Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>William Allen Warren, purchased the estate in 1880 and sold it to his son Charles Allen Warren in 1909. When Charles died in 1931 the estate passed through inheritance to his son Walker Pegram Warren who had been born in the mansion. Walker Warren and his wife used Bacon&#39;s Castle as a second home until their deaths in an automobile accident in 1973. The Warrens had no children and, the mansion and outbuildings and 40 acres of the plantation were acquired from their estate by the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities. The remaining 1,130 acres of the plantation were acquired by Virginia State Senator Garland Gray and later passed through inheritance to his son Elmon T. Gray and remain devoted to agriculture.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation and later operations</h2><br>
<p>Bacons Castle was acquired by Preservation Virginia (formerly known as the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities) in the 1970s and restored. Preservation activities continue while guests visit the Site. Bacons Castle now operates as a house museum and historic site with 40-acres of outbuildings and dependencies including barns, slave and tenant quarters, smokehouses, and a rare example of a 17th-century English formal garden.</p><br>
<p>In 2015, the Virginia Outdoors Foundation received a $257,996 grant from the Virginia Land Conservation Foundation to help the group purchase a conservation easement on 1,260 acres of privately owned farmland surrounding Bacon&#39;s Castle. The easement ensures the land will be permanently protected from residential and commercial development.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Bacon&#39;s Castle is a rare example of American Jacobean architecture and the only surviving "high-style" house from the 17th century. It is one of only three surviving Jacobean great houses west of the Atlantic—the other two are in Barbados. They are Drax Hall Estate and the Great House at St. Nicholas Abbey Plantation. Notable architectural features include the triple-stacked chimneys, shaped Flemish gables, and carved compass roses decorating the cross beams in many of the public rooms. The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960.</p><br>
<p>Between the mid to late-nineteenth century, Bacon&#39;s Castle underwent several modifications. An original one story service wing was replaced by a taller Greek Revival wing. Around this time, the entrance was moved from the center of the main block to the hyphen between the original house and addition, and diamond-pane casement windows were exchanged for double-hung sash windows. Moving the door left a scar in the location of the original pedimented surround. All of these changes were maintained in the restoration.</p><br>
<p>Bacons Castle from the front, 2014.JPGBacons Castle, 2014</p><br>
<p>Bacons Castle, perspective showing chimneys. 2014.JPGBacons Castle, perspective showing chimneys. 2014</p><br>
<p>Shiloh Indian Mounds Site  is an archaeological site of the South Appalachian Mississippian culture . It is located beside the Tennessee River on the grounds of the Shiloh National Military Park, in Hardin County of southwestern Tennessee. A National Historic Landmark, it is one of the largest Woodland era sites in the southeastern United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site was inhabited starting around 1000 CE by a Late Woodland culture indigenous peoples, and then later by those of an Early Mississippian culture, until it was abandoned in approximately 1350 CE.</p><br>
<h3>Site</h3><br>
<p>The Shiloh Indian National Historic Landmark is situated on a high bluff, between two ravines, overlooking the Tennessee River at the edge of the Shiloh Plateau. The village was encircled by a wooden palisade, while the village itself consisted of more than 100 wattle and daub houses, over three dozen individual house mounds, and eight mounds. The southernmost mound served as a burial place for leaders and other important people. This mound was oval shaped with a round top. A map of the site can be found on the website.</p><br>
<h2>Agriculture and food</h2><br>
<p>The people of Shiloh Mounds were intensely involved in maize agriculture, as well as other food crops originating in the Americas, such as squash, sunflowers, goosefoot, marshelder, and maygrass. They also gathered wild foodstuffs such as acorns and hickory nuts. The hunting of whitetail deer, squirrel, rabbit, turkey, and raccoon as well as fishing were also important.</p><br>
<h2>Contemporaries</h2><br>
<p>In addition to the Shiloh site, the chiefdom included six smaller towns (each with one or two mounds such as the Swallow Bluff Island Mounds site), and isolated farmsteads scattered on higher ground in the river valley. Downstream on the river&#39;s eastern bank, at the present location of Savannah, Tennessee, was another palisaded multiple mound settlement, although it is still unclear if the sites were occupied at the same time. Other neighbors had communities all along the Tennessee and Tombigbee Rivers, with sites in Alabama, Mississippi, and western Tennessee. Archaeologists think the presence of prestige goods from the Cahokia site in Illinois means the people of Shiloh Mounds were more closely tied politically to that area than to chiefdoms in the Middle Tennessee area.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>Because the site has been included within the Shiloh National Military Park boundaries for so long it has never been disturbed by modern farming techniques. The remains of the original structures of wattle and daub are still visible as low rings or mounds. It is one of the few places in the eastern USA where such remains are still visible. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1986.</p><br>
<h3>Excavations</h3><br>
<p>Cornelius Cadle, chairman of the Shiloh Park Commission, undertook the first archaeological excavations at Shiloh in 1899. He had a trench dug into the conical burial mound, Mound C. Amongst the discoveries was a large stone effigy pipe in the shape of a kneeling man. It has since become the site&#39;s most famous artifact and is on display in the Tennessee River Museum in Savannah, Tennessee. The pipe is carved from a distinctive material, Missouri flint clay, and in the same style as other statuettes from the Cahokia site in Collinsville, Illinois.</p><br>
<p>In the winter of 1933-34 survey work was undertaken at the site and many 10 ft to 20 ft diameter house mounds were discovered. Many contained the remains of wattle and daub houses, which had been built with walls of vertical posts interlaced with branches and coated with a thick layer of clay. It was at this time that the encircling palisade was also discovered.</p><br>
<p>Malvern Hill stands on the north bank of the James River in Henrico County, Virginia, USA, about eighteen miles southeast of Richmond. On 1 July 1862, it was the scene of the Battle of Malvern Hill, one of the Seven Days Battles of the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>The name referred primarily to the house built by Thomas Cocke in the 17th century, which remained in his family for many years. It was named after the Malvern Hills in England. The historic home was gutted by a fire in 1905, but ruins stood into the 1970s. The east end wall of the Malvern Hill ruins still stood when the property was surveyed for the Henrico County 1976 Inventory of Early Architecture and Historic Sites. It incorporated "the brick chimney of an earlier frame house probably built in the late 17th century, constitute the oldest standing man-made structure in Henrico County". The diaper-patterned glazed headers in the chimney were among the earliest example of decorative brickwork in the American colonies. Now, the Malvern Hill ruins have almost completely fallen over. Only a portion of the northeast and southeast comers were still readily evident in the 1995 survey update, when the Malvern Hill ruins stood in a pasture. Livestock have hastened their continuing deterioration. Their current condition is unknown.</p><br>
<p>The home site figured in three wars. Lafayette camped there twice in 1781 during the American Revolutionary War. Virginia militia also camped there in the War of 1812. However, it is best known as the site of bloody Battle of Malvern Hill in 1862, during the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>In August 2016, the 871-acre Malvern Hill Farm was listed for sale for $10.6 million by the descendants of William H. Ferguson Sr. (1885–1984). It was purchased by the non-profit Capital Region Land Conservancy (CRLC) in February 2018 for $6.6 million. CRLC subsequently recorded conservation easements to protect 465 acres with the Virginia Department of Historic Resources and 25 acres with the Virginia Outdoors Foundation. Portions of the property were then gifted to Henrico County for the future site of an open space area for education and passive recreation as well as the James River Association for a canoe/kayak launch into Turkey Island Creek that flows into the James River at Presquile National Wildlife Refuge. Capital Region Land Conservancy is holding the remaining 380 acres to be included into the National Park Service Richmond National Battlefield Park.</p><br>
<p>American Temperance University opened in 1893 in the planned town of Harriman, Tennessee, which was developed as a community with no alcoholic beverages permitted. In its second year of operation the institution enrolled 345 students from 20 states. However, it closed in 1908. Those who attended included two students who later became members of the USA House of Representatives, John Jennings, Jr. and James Willis Taylor.</p><br>
<p>The universitys main building, Temperance Hall, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It now houses Harriman city government offices. The universitys Bushrod W. James Hall of Domestic Science for Young Ladies, named for benefactor Bushrod Washington James, is now an inn; it is included in the Cornstalk Heights Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Furnas, J. C. The Life and Times of the Late Demon Rum. New York: G. P. Putnam&#39;s Sons, 1965.</p><br>
<p>The Elliott-Larsen Building is a state government office in downtown Lansing, Michigan, named after Democratic State Representative Daisy Elliott and Republican State Representative Melvin Larsen, primary sponsors of the Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act. It was formerly known as the Lewis Cass Building, named after territorial governor Lewis Cass. It is the Michigan state government&#39;s oldest standing office building. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places as "State Office Building" in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first state office building in Lansing was constructed in 1853; this was replaced with another building in 1872 and demolished the following year. By the 1910s, the state realized the need for a new office building, and funds were appropriated beginning in 1917 for a new structure. Architect Edwyn A. Bowd of Lansing was commissioned to design the building, and plans were approved in 1918. Construction commenced in 1919 on the Classical Revival style building, and was completed in 1921.</p><br>
<p>On February 8, 1951, the building was intentionally set on fire by a state office employee. The following morning, part of the seventh floor collapsed down to the next level, which destroyed a large number of state historical records. In the reconstruction, the seventh floor was removed.</p><br>
<p>The building served as the primary state office building until the completion of the first part of a new state government complex in 1953. The building remains in use by the state.</p><br>
<p>On June 30, 2020, Gov. Gretchen Whitmer announced the renaming of the building as the Elliott-Larsen Building in honor of Daisy Elliott and Melvin L. Larsen, the lawmakers who sponsored Michigan&#39;s bipartisan civil rights law of 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Elliott-Larsen Building is a six-story (originally seven-story) U-shaped Classical Revival structure with a flat roof, with a facade of cream-colored sandstone above a granite basement. A cornice separates the second and third floors, forming a base for four-story pilasters with Tuscan capitals above. An entablature with cornice runs above the pilasters. As originally built, the building had three arched entrances. After the 1951 fire, two entrances were removed, and the main entrance completely rebuilt as a projecting gray granite entryway.</p><br>
<h2>Government agencies</h2><br>
<p>State of Michigan government agencies located in Elliot-Larsen Building:</p><br>
<p>Department of Technology, Management and Budget</p><br>
<p>Department of Health & Human Services</p><br>
<p>Department of Labor and Economic Opportunity</p><br>
<p>Newton Upper Falls is one of the thirteen villages within the city of Newton in Massachusetts, United States. The village is listed as the Newton Upper Falls Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The area borders Needham, Massachusetts to the southwest, Wellesley, Massachusetts to the west, the West Roxbury neighborhood of Boston to the southeast, Newton Highlands to the north and northeast, Waban to the northwest and Oak Hill to the east.</p><br>
<p>The village is served by Eliot "T" station, part of the Green Line D branch of the MBTA, with rail service inbound into downtown Boston and outbound to Riverside. Major roads that serve the village are Route 128, and Route 9 (Boylston Street), which provides a direct, six-mile commute into downtown Boston.</p><br>
<p>Newton Upper Falls is home to the Hemlock Gorge and Echo Bridge, a aqueduct turned pedestrian walkway over the Charles River. It is said to be the only village that has retained its original name from when the area was founded in the 17th century. It has over 150 homes on the historic register.</p><br>
<p>Sullivan Avenue, an unpaved private road in Newton Upper Falls, is the last remaining portion of the ancient highway connecting Boston and Cambridge with Newton and points west in the 17th century (back then it was called Cambridge Village). Also on Sullivan Avenue is a famous pothole; a geological anomaly where a boulder that was originally pushed down the cliff by a now extinct waterfall got caught and became round. The boulder spun around in its place carving a shaft over thousands of years. Since then, half the shaft collapsed and now all that can be seen is half of a cylindrical shaft through the cliff at the corner of Sullivan and Elliot Streets.</p><br>
<h3>Historic landmarks</h3><br>
<p>Echo Bridge, between Ellis St and Reservoir St</p><br>
<p>Saco–Pettee Machine Shops, 156 Oak St.</p><br>
<p>Saco–Lowell Shops Housing Historic District</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Newtons first mill on the Charles River was built in 1688 in Upper Falls. Over the next 150 years, the water power available at Upper Falls led to the villages steady growth as many more mills were built along that stretch of the river. By 1850 the village had 1300 inhabitants which was 25% of the entire population of Newton.</p><br>
<p>In 1909, a Roman Catholic church called Mary Immaculate of Lourdes opened in Upper Falls.</p><br>
<p>A 60 acre area, including much of the area between Route 9 and Elliot Street, and east from the Charles River to Cottage Street and Hickory Cliff Road, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Notable person</h2><br>
<p>Newton Upper Falls was also the teenage home of comedian and podcaster Joe Rogan, whence he graduated from Newton South High School in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Pythian Home of Missouri, also known as Pythian Castle, in Springfield, Missouri, was built in 1913 by the Knights of Pythias and later owned by the USA military. German and Italian prisoners-of-war were assigned here during World War II for medical treatment and as laborers. Some prisoners were kept in the detached powerhouse and laundry room behind the castle. The laundry room is still owned by the USA Army.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places on October 7, 2009. It is privately owned and open to the public for tours by appointment.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The main building was designed to give the structure the appearance of a castle which reflected the theme of the Knights of Pythias. Its foundation and exterior is constructed of "Carthage Stone", an especially hard variety of limestone commonly quarried in the Ozarks. The interior construction is composed of steel framework with poured concrete floors, ceilings, and stairways. The interior walls consist of layered hollow-core "Pyrobar Blocks" (a gypsum-based fireproofing material developed in the early 1900s), with a wire mesh covering that was coated with several layers of plaster. The original main floor features a grand foyer, meeting room, ballroom, dining hall, and sitting parlors. The second floor, which is accessed by dual staircases on either wall, was designed with dormitory style rooms for children and bedrooms for adults. The second floor also features a theater with original ticket booth, seats, upper projection and lighting room as well as changing rooms backstage. The building also features a full basement. The power house was located directly behind the main building and housed the boiler as well as the institution&#39;s laundry facilities.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Knights of Pythias</h3><br>
<p>The Knights of Pythias, a fraternal organization, originally constructed the castle and detached power plant as a retirement home for needy members of the order and their widows and children. It was called The Pythian Home of Missouri. Springfield was one of seven cities competing for the construction of the Pythian home and sold 53 acres of land to the knights for $1 in 1909. It served as a meeting hall for the order until 1942.</p><br>
<h3>WW II</h3><br>
<p>In 1942, during World War II, the United States Military commandeered the facility for use in conjunction with the adjacent OReilly General Hospital in entertaining and rehabilitating injured USA troops. It was renamed The Enlisted Mens Service Club. The facility featured a movie theater, ballroom, bowling alley, pool hall, library, and arts and crafts area. Some of the most famous movie stars, comedians, and entertainers of the era performed in the theater while the ballroom was host to big bands playing for the dancing pleasure of the troops. After the war the building was retained by the military for use as a reserve center until it was sold as surplus in 1993.</p><br>
<h3>Present</h3><br>
<p>It is now privately owned by Tamara Finocchiaro. Renovations have been completed to the property including a new driveway and parking area. In 2010 the castle was reopened to the public for tours and as an events facility.</p><br>
<p>Jefferson Avenue Footbridge is a historic footbridge located in Springfield, Missouri, United States. Built in 1902, it measures 562 ft long and allows pedestrians to cross 13 sets of railroad tracks.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>As the footbridge approached its 100th anniversary, it became apparent that a major rehabilitation was required to preserve the aging structure. Springfield City officials partnered with the city&#39;s Commercial Club to obtain federal transportation enhancement grants and Community Development Block Grant funding to save the historic footbridge.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the extensive rehabilitation work on the footbridge, a gathering place plaza was created adjacent to the Commercial Street terminus. The rehabilitation work was conducted between 2001 and 2002 at a cost of over $518,000. Nearly 100 years after the original footbridge was constructed, the rehabilitated structure was reopened to pedestrian traffic and rededicated on April 17, 2002.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was closed on March 1, 2016. Missouri Governor Mike Parson said on June 30, 2023 that the Jefferson Avenue Footbridge would be repaired and able to walk on around 2024 or 2025.</p><br>
<p>Frisco Pedestrian Footbridge.jpg</p><br>
<p>Footbridge along Historic Commercial Street.jpg</p><br>
<p>Springfield-jeff ave foot bridge.jpg</p><br>
<p>The Chazen Museum of Art is an art museum located at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in Madison, Wisconsin. The Chazen Museum of Art is accredited by the American Alliance of Museums.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Until 2005, the Museum was known regularly as the Elvehjem Museum of Art, named after Conrad Elvehjem, the 13th president of the University of Wisconsin-Madison and an internationally known biochemist in nutrition. In May 2005, the museum was renamed the Chazen Museum of Art after a $20 million building-expansion donation from alumni Simona and Jerome A. Chazen, the latter being a founder of Liz Claiborne Inc. (now known as Kate Spade & Company). The original museum building, which opened in 1970, retains the Elvehjem name.</p><br>
<p>In 2011, the Chazens again made a substantial donation to the museum that included $5 million dedicated to the museum building, $3 million to endow chairs in art and art history at the University of Wisconsin, and 30 works of art valued at $20 million.</p><br>
<p>A new building, designed by Machado & Silvetti Associates, opened in 2011. Joined by a bridge to the older Conrad A. Elvehjem building, it doubled the size of the museum.</p><br>
<p>After three decades as the museum&#39;s director, Russell Panczenko stepped down in 2017 and was replaced by new director Amy Gilman who is still working today.</p><br>
<p>In 2018, the Association of Art Museum Directors announced a pilot program that would provide paid internships to minority undergraduate students wanting to work in the arts, with the Chazen Museum of Art being one of the inaugural participants in the program.</p><br>
<h2>Collections</h2><br>
<p>European artists represented in the museum include Joan Miró, Auguste Rodin, Salvador Dalí, Barnaba da Modena, Barbara Hepworth, Jean Dufy, Andrea Vanni, Giorgio Vasari, René Magritte, Maurice Utrillo, Hubert Robert, Thomas Gainsborough, Albert Gleizes, Henry Moore, Benjamin Williams Leader, Eugène Boudin, and Maximilien Luce. The museums collection of American artists includes Mark Rothko, Andy Warhol, Grandma Moses, many of Alexander Calders works in several forms, and a copy of the Emancipation Memorial. Contemporary works by Shusaku Arakawa, David Klamen, Karen LaMonte, a collection of regionalist paintings by John Steuart Curry, Russian Social Realist paintings by Georgy Ionin and Klavdy Vasiliyevich Lebedev, glass art by René Lalique, and a representation of Japanese woodblock prints are also exhibited. The Van Vleck collection of Japanese woodblock prints remains a large portion of the museum&#39;s collection of works on paper.</p><br>
<p>Chamber concerts known as Sunday Afternoon Live from the Chazen (formerly Live at the Elvehjem) were broadcast from the museum by Wisconsin Public Radio until 2015 when WPR discontinued the program. The concert series continues on a monthly schedule as a live show with a webcast.</p><br>
<p>The Chazen Museum of Art is the official repository of Tandem Press, Madison, Wisconsin, a fine arts publisher. It archives one print from every edition that is published.</p><br>
<p>Ditmas Park is a historic district in the neighborhood of Flatbush in Brooklyn, New York City. The traditional boundaries of Ditmas Park, including Ditmas Park West, are Ocean Avenue and greater Flatbush to the east, Dorchester Road and the Prospect Park South neighborhood to the north, Coney Island Avenue and the Kensington neighborhood to the west, and Newkirk Avenue to the south. The name Ditmas Park is often used as a shorthand for the several neighborhoods that comprise the larger area of Victorian Flatbush.</p><br>
<p>Ditmas Park is patrolled by the New York City Police Departments 70th Precinct, and is within Brooklyn Community District 14. The New York City Subways serve Ditmas Park.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood is located on land formerly owned by the Ditmas family. The area remained rural until the 1890s. At that time, Brooklyn was becoming more popular, due to the development of Prospect Park and the Brooklyn Bridge, along with improved transportation in New York City. Lewis H. Pounds was one of the early developers of the area now known as Ditmas Park Historic District. This eight-block national historic district consists of 2,000 to 2,500 largely residential buildings built between 1902 and 1914. Many of the buildings are large, free-standing, single-family homes with gables and front porches. Most of the building architects were local to the Flatbush or Brooklyn area, and they specialized in suburban buildings. Architectural styles of the area&#39;s buildings include Colonial Revival, Bungalow/Craftsman, Queen Anne, Tudor, Greek Revival, and Japanese Cottage. These styles are uncommon in Brooklyn, where brownstones and rowhouses are typical. The district also includes apartment buildings, a commercial district along Cortelyou Road, and one church, the brick Neo-Georgian Flatbush-Tompkins Congregational Church (1910) at which Conrad Tillard is since 2018 the Senior Minister.</p><br>
<h2>Community</h2><br>
<p>Newkirk Avenue, Coney Island Avenue, Cortelyou Road, Foster Avenue, and Church Avenue are the neighborhood&#39;s commercial strips while many of their north–south streets are lined with historic Victorian style homes. Since much of Ditmas Park is residential, many locals go to nearby Park Slope to run errands and shop, although the neighborhood has seen increased commercialization due to its recent gentrification.</p><br>
<p>The Ditmas Park Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. Throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, wealthy families purchased the large Victorian homes, but in the past few years, the neighborhood has experienced rapid gentrification, with an influx of young people and artists attracted to the large spaces for relatively cheap rents. An example of this is Cortelyou Road, a commercial street in the neighborhood. Cortelyou enjoys a number of delis, bars, coffee shops, restaurants, the Flatbush Food Co-op, and more upscale restaurants. Cortelyou is also home to many venues, which attracts many local musicians, as well as more well-known artists.</p><br>
<p>In October 2009, Time Out New York named Ditmas Park one of the best neighborhoods in New York City for food. Similar articles praising Ditmas Park for its food have appeared in The New York Times and AM New York.</p><br>
<p>The area is also frequently used for movie and TV filming due to its Victorian houses, which project a suburban feel.</p><br>
<h2>Associations</h2><br>
<p>The Ditmas Park Association, founded in 1908, hosts social events, publishes a newsletter and a home improvement directory, and works on numerous civic issues, often jointly with its sister neighborhoods and the Flatbush Development Corporation. The Flatbush Development Corporation hosts an annual Victorian Flatbush House Tour.</p><br>
<p>Other neighborhood associations also serve parts of the neighborhood, such as the Ditmas Park West Neighborhood Association (DPW), and Beverley Square West Neighborhood Association. DPW runs a Yahoo group for the neighborhood. Flatbush Artists is also based in the area and has an annual artwalk featuring artists who live in the area.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in March 2012, the website Ditmas Park Corner documented important events and openings in the area, and served as a forum for discussions and inquiries about the neighborhood; as of 2017 the site was incorporated into the Brooklyn-wide news site Bklyner. For a brief period of time in the early 2010s, Ditmas Park Corner had competition from Ditmas Park Patch, one of a series of neighborhood news organizations run by AOL.</p><br>
<h2>Library</h2><br>
<p>The Brooklyn Public Library&#39;s Cortelyou branch is located at 1305 Cortelyou Road, near Argyle Road. The branch was first proposed in 1969, but did not open until 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>New York City Subway stops in or very near to Ditmas Park are Beverley Road, Cortelyou Road, Newkirk Plaza, and Avenue H. MTA-operated express buses that run through Ditmas Park are the, and local buses are the.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Aaron Dessner (born 1976), of The National</p><br>
<p>Bryce Dessner (born 1976), composer and guitarist</p><br>
<p>Jack Houghteling, novelist</p><br>
<p>Ric Menello (1952-2013), screenwriter and director, co-directed the Beastie Boys&#39; music videos "(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (To Party!)" and "No Sleep till Brooklyn".</p><br>
<p>Roy Nathanson (born 1951), saxophonist, composer, bandleader who became the leader and principal composer of the Jazz Passengers</p><br>
<p>Tim O&#39;Brien (born 1964), illustrator</p><br>
<p>Ben Smith, former editor-in-chief of BuzzFeed</p><br>
<p>Sonja Sohn (born 1964), actress</p><br>
<p>Sufjan Stevens (born 1975), singer-songwriter</p><br>
<p>Michelle Williams (born 1980), actress</p><br>
<p>The Hallidie Building is an office building in the Financial District of San Francisco, California, at 130 Sutter Street, between Montgomery Street and Kearny Street. Designed by architect Willis Polk and named in honor of San Francisco cable car pioneer Andrew Smith Hallidie, it opened in 1918. Though credited as the first American building to feature glass curtain walls, it was in fact predated by Louis Curtiss&#39;s Boley Clothing Company building in Kansas City, Missouri, completed in 1909.</p><br>
<p>The building underwent a two-year restoration, completed in April 2013, after its sheet metal friezes, cornices, balconies, and fire escapes were deemed unsafe by the City of San Francisco&#39;s Department of Building Inspection.</p><br>
<p>The San Francisco chapter of the American Institute of Architects opened the Center for Architecture + Design in the street-level retail space, which predates the rest of the building, adding a gallery, lecture hall, and cafe in 2023. The building also houses Charles M. Salter Associates, Inc.</p><br>
<p>It houses the headquarters of Fandom.</p><br>
<p>Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial is a United States presidential memorial and a National Historic Landmark District in Lincoln City, Indiana. It preserves the farm site where Abraham Lincoln lived with his family from 1816 to 1830. During that time, he grew from a 7-year-old boy to a 21-year-old man. His mother, Nancy Hanks Lincoln, and at least 27 other settlers were buried here in the Pioneer Cemetery. His sister Sarah Lincoln Grigsby was buried in the nearby Little Pigeon Baptist Church cemetery, across the highway at Lincoln State Park.</p><br>
<p>Included in the park is the Lincoln Living Historical Farm. The Lincoln Boyhood Home was named a National Historic Landmark in 1960. In 2005 the site was visited by 147,443 people. On site is a visitor center, featuring a 15-minute orientation film about Lincoln&#39;s time in Indiana, and museum and memorial halls. The site is located about ten minutes off the Interstate 64 / USA 231 junction and near the new USA 231 Route, named the Abraham Lincoln Memorial Parkway in his honor.</p><br>
<h2>Memorial features</h2><br>
<h3>Memorial building</h3><br>
<p>The centerpiece of the memorial is a one-story limestone ashlar memorial building completed in 1945 that features five sculpted panels portraying different phases of Lincolns life. It has a small theater featuring a 16-minute film about Lincolns life in Indiana. The museum features several exhibits and artifacts related to Lincoln&#39;s life, which are located in an adjoining hall. A private gallery displays Lincoln-related artwork, including numerous portraits and lithographs of Lincoln and his family. The park holds an oil portrait of Nancy Hanks Lincoln, done by an artist long after her death. A chapel and meeting hall can be rented for public weddings and other gatherings.</p><br>
<h3>Historical farm</h3><br>
<p>Nearby is the site of the original Lincoln cabin; the sandstone foundation clearly outlines the boundary of the house and is visible to visitors. Discovered through a professional archeological excavation, it is now preserved and protected by a wall. A very short distance from the original cabin site stands the replica farm house. Park rangers in full period clothing work the 1820s-style farm, making it a living history site. Visitors can talk with them, take classes and learn more about the many activities and items at the farm. The Living Historical Farm is open seasonally, from mid-spring to early fall; it cultivates crops, raises livestock, and uses and displays historic farm implements.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Lincoln in Indiana</h3><br>
<p>Abraham&#39;s father Thomas Lincoln had lost two previous homes in Kentucky, one at the Sinking Spring Farm where Lincoln was born, in part through problems with land titles. Because Kentucky had not had proper land surveys in its early years, many residents were forced off their farms after surveys were completed and land titles were challenged. The Lincolns were one such family: after Thomas had built some economic and social success in Kentucky, he lost everything. In 1815 he went to Indiana to locate a new homestead for his family. He wanted to live in a free state rather than compete with farmers who used slave labor.</p><br>
<p>The family took two weeks in 1816 to move to Spencer County (then Perry County) in southern Indiana, settling at the Little Pigeon Creek Community. Lincoln was a talented carpenter who owned better carpentry tools than the average settler. He could build cabins in as little as four days, and was able to have their new home built before the winter began. The next year he built up the homestead, cleared land of trees and rocks before plowing, and planted crops. In early September 1818, some residents started coming down with milk sickness. It was caused by the settlers consuming dairy products or meat of cows that ate the white snakeroot plant, which had the toxin temetrol. Cows often roamed in woods and underbrush, where the white snakeroot grew. Most of those in Little Pigeon Creek with milk sickness became deathly ill, including Abrahams mother, Nancy Hanks Lincoln. She succumbed and died on October 5, 1818. She was buried in a gravesite behind the family cabin next to the Lincolns closest neighbor, Nancy Rusher Brooner. Brooner had also been ill with milk sickness, was nursed by Nancy Lincoln, and died two weeks before on September 18. Nancys maternal aunt and uncle, Elizabeth and Thomas Sparrow, with whom she had grown up, also died of the illness and were buried nearby, at what became known as Pioneer Cemetery. A minister could not reach the frontier settlement until the following spring, when he conducted a funeral service for all of the dead.</p><br>
<p>Following his mothers death, young Abraham Lincoln continued to work on the farm and was cared for by his older sister Sarah. In 1819 their father married Sarah Bush Johnston, a widow of Elizabethtown, Kentucky whom he had known from the years there. She had three children, all of whom came with her to share the Lincoln cabin. Abraham shared the cabins loft with his step brother John Johnston and his cousin Dennis Hanks for the rest of his time in Indiana. Sarah treated the Lincoln children as her own, and Abraham grew especially close to her. Early on, the Lincoln family had joined the nearby Little Pigeon Creek Primitive Baptist Church, where Thomas served as a trustee and Abraham briefly as a sexton. The church is preserved in the Lincoln State Park.</p><br>
<p>In November 1819, the areas first school was opened by Andrew Crawford, and at age 10, Abraham attended a school for the first time, at a cost of two dollars per year. He was a student there for two school years, which were three-month intervals held during the winter months when the children were not needed for farming. In 1822 the Lincolns enrolled the boy in a new school taught by James Swaney. As it was more than 4 mi away and Abraham had to walk there, his attendance was poor. In 1824 he was transferred to another school closer to home, which he attended until age 16, when he ended formal schooling. In January 1826, Abrahams only sister Sarah died during the birth of her first child, who was stillborn. She was buried in the Little Pigeon Creek Primitive Baptist Church cemetery.</p><br>
<p>As he grew, Abraham began taking outside jobs, often working for twenty-five cents a day clearing land, plowing fields, and building fences. When he was not working, he spent a great deal of time at the James Gentry General Store and the two nearby grain mills in the small town, where he liked to tell stories and listen to those of older men. He also read widely and borrowed books from anyone who would lend them. During his several trips into the county seat of Rockport, Abraham became acquainted with the lawyers John Pitcher and John Breckenridge, who inspired his interest in the law. Later he followed that profession. During this period, he made his first trip with the businessman Allen Gentry by flatboat down to New Orleans to sell produce and bring home supplies. He earned eight dollars from the trip. It is traditionally believed that this was when he first saw a slave market. From his experiences and the influences of the anti-slavery men in Indiana and locally, Abraham began to form his opinions against slavery. After fourteen years in southern Indiana, in March 1830, Thomas Lincoln moved his family to Central Illinois.</p><br>
<h3>Making the memorial</h3><br>
<p>The site attracted little attention as a link to Lincoln&#39;s past until 1879, during a period of increased activity in the North and the South of memorializing following the American Civil War. When researchers located the grave of Nancy Hanks, Peter Evans Studebaker (of the South Bend, Indiana Studebaker Brothers Manufacturing Company) arranged for a headstone to be placed at the site. For decades, local groups tried to gain recognition for the site as one of historical importance. In 1917 they located the foundation of the cabin and officially marked it on April 28.</p><br>
<p>In 1927 the Indiana Lincoln Union was formed to raise funds and encourage support for a memorial to recognize Lincolns years in the Hoosier state. In 1932 the state established the adjacent Lincoln State Park to protect the area and preserve the historic homestead site. The state transferred part of that area to the memorial district, including the grave site of Nancy Lincoln (and what was found to be 29 other graves), now included in what is called Pioneer Cemetery. The Union continued to raise funds to make improvements to the site in the 1930s and 1940s, during the Great Depression and World War II. It completed construction of the Memorial building in 1944. It has five bas-relief panels portraying different periods of Lincolns life, designed by sculptor Elmer Daniels.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) helped mold much of the memorial&#39;s surrounding landscape, including an iconic grass alleyway leading from the memorial center to the pioneer cemetery. In 1934, a CCC crew located and excavated the original hearthstones of the Lincoln family farm. These workers also helped plant more than 22,000 native trees to restore that part of the county to something similar to the wilderness a young Abraham Lincoln would have seen when his family first came to Indiana. Today, high school students continue helping maintain and improve the national park through the Youth Conservation Corps.</p><br>
<p>In 1962 the Indiana legislature approved donating another 114 acre to the district and the Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial was created. The USA Congress authorized the national memorial on February 19, 1962, placing it under the National Park Service. The memorial district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, on October 15, 1966. In 1968 the NPS created the Living Historical Farm after "meticulous research" about the period, to help visitors better understand the lives of Lincoln, his family and neighbors during the frontier years in the area.</p><br>
<p>The Landers Theatre in Springfield, Missouri, built in 1909, is the second oldest and largest civic theater operation in Missouri. It has been in continuous use either as a legitimate theatre or a movie theater since it opened. In 1928, the theater became the 35th facility in the world to acquire sound film. It was designed by architects Carl Boller and Brother in association with Hickenlively and Mark of Springfield in a French-influenced neoclassical style. It is located in the Walnut Street Commercial Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The theater is unusual in its use of wood for nearly all structural framing, in contrast with the steel and cast iron more usually employed in its time. D.J. Landers, the original owner, was in the lumber business, providing a possible explanation. Where steel is employed, it uses unusual bonded steel and masonry assemblies. The theater was designed for live performance, with a large stage and supporting spaces.</p><br>
<p>The theater&#39;s street facade employs Missouri limestone piers with terra cotta cornices, cartouches, quoins and parapets. Infill between these decorative elements is brick.</p><br>
<p>A fire in 1920 completely gutted the stage area, but the remainder was saved by the fireproof asbestos curtain. Subsequent renovations moved the orchestra pit behind the curtain and raised the boxes. Heavy clear-span beams replaced columns supporting the balconies, and the Jim Crow-era ticket booth for "coloreds" and its separate entrance were removed.</p><br>
<p>From March 17&ndash;September 22, 1961, NBC-TV carried a live country music variety program from the theater, Five Star Jubilee, on Friday nights; the first network color television series to originate outside of New York City or Hollywood. First-run films continued to be shown on the other six nights of the week.</p><br>
<p>Landers was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, significant for the preserved Baroque Renaissance, Napoleon architectural style. A number of major restoration projects have been undertaken, and the most recent restorations have been cited with awards from the American Institute of Architects.</p><br>
<p>It is currently the home of the Springfield Little Theatre.</p><br>
<p>The Greystone Mansion, also known as the Doheny Mansion, is a Tudor Revival mansion on a landscaped estate with distinctive formal English gardens, located in Trousdale Estates of Beverly Hills, California, United States. Architect Gordon Kaufmann designed the residence and ancillary structures, and construction was completed in 1928. It was a gift from oil tycoon Edward L. Doheny to his son, Edward "Ned" Doheny Jr. and his family. Following the purchase of the estate by the City of Beverly Hills in 1965, it became a city park in 1971, and was subsequently added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 as Doheny Estate/Greystone. The house and grounds are often used as locations for film and television shows. The house&#39;s descending staircase is one of the most famous sets in Hollywood.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The 55-room, 46,000 ft&sup2; Tudor-style former residence is on 16 acres (6.5 ha) of land. When it was built, it cost over $3.1 million (equivalent to about $ million in ) and was the most expensive home in California.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On February 16, 1929, four months after Ned Doheny, his wife Lucy and their five children moved into Greystone, Doheny died in a guest bedroom in a murder-suicide with his secretary, Hugh Plunkett. The official story indicated that Plunkett murdered Doheny either because of a "nervous disorder" or because he was angry over not receiving a raise. Others point out that Dohenys gun was the murder weapon and that Doheny was not buried in Los Angeles Calvary Cemetery, a Catholic cemetery, with the rest of his family, indicating he had committed suicide. Both men are buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, within a few hundred yards of each other. Both were involved in the trial of Doheny&#39;s father in the Teapot Dome scandal.</p><br>
<p>Doheny&#39;s widow, Lucy, remarried and lived in the house until 1955, when she sold the grounds to Paul Trousdale, who developed it into Trousdale Estates and sold the mansion to Chicago industrialist Henry Crown, who rented it to film studios. In 1963 Crown planned to subdivide the property and demolish the mansion. Beverly Hills stopped the demolition by purchasing the mansion in 1965. The estate became a city park on September 16, 1971, and on April 23, 1976, was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The city leased the mansion to the American Film Institute from 1965 to 1982 for $1 per year, hoping the institute would pay for repairs and upkeep.</p><br>
<p>Since 2002, the City of Beverly Hills has maintained a webpage for the park.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>Greystone is now a public park and a location for special events, including the Beverly Hills Flower & Garden Festival. It is popular as a filming location due to its beauty, manicured grounds and Beverly Hills location. Some productions contribute to its upkeep and renovation. The 2007 film There Will Be Blood, loosely based on the life of Edward Doheny via the Upton Sinclair book Oil!, renovated its two-lane bowling alley to include it in the film.</p><br>
<p>In addition to numerous events that take place there, the mansion plays host each year to Catskills West, a theater arts and drama camp run by Beverly Hills Parks and Recreation, from mid-June to early August. The camp presents a play in the pool area twice during the summer.</p><br>
<p>The mansion is also a venue for the play The Manor, by Kathrine Bates, directed by Beverly Olevin, and produced by Theatre 40 of Beverly Hills, which takes place in various rooms. The audience is separated during the play to watch scenes in different orders. The Manors plot is a fictionalized account of the Doheny family, including Dohenys involvement in the Teapot Dome scandal and his sons murder. It has been performed every year at Greystone Mansion since 2002, making it Los Angeles longest-running play.</p><br>
<h2>Film location</h2><br>
<p>The Temperance Fountain is a fountain and statue located in Washington, D.C., donated to the city in 1882 by Henry D. Cogswell, a dentist from San Francisco, California, who was a crusader in the temperance movement.</p><br>
<p>This fountain was one of a series of temperance fountains he designed and commissioned in a belief that easy access to cool drinking water would keep people from consuming alcoholic beverages.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The fountain has four stone columns supporting a canopy on whose sides the words "Faith," "Hope," "Charity," and "Temperance" are chiseled. Atop this canopy is a life-sized heron, and the centerpiece is a pair of entwined heraldic scaly dolphins. Originally, visitors were supposed to freely drink ice water flowing from the dolphins&#39; snouts with a brass cup attached to the fountain and the overflow was collected by a trough for horses, but the city tired of having to replenish the ice in a reservoir underneath the base and disconnected the supply pipes.</p><br>
<p>The inscription reads:</p><br>
<p>(Base of fish:)</p><br>
<p>PRESENTED BY</p><br>
<p>DR. HENRY D. COGSWELL</p><br>
<p>OF SAN FRANCISCO CAL</p><br>
<p>(Top of temple:)</p><br>
<p>TEMPERANCE</p><br>
<p>FAITH</p><br>
<p>HOPE</p><br>
<p>CHARITY</p><br>
<p>Inscription on Temperance Fountain - Washington DC - 2013-06-09 (9009864733).jpgInscription</p><br>
<p>Crane atop Temperance Fountain Wash DC.jpgGreat Blue Heron atop the fountain</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Temperance Fountain was originally placed at a prominent location: Seventh and Pennsylvania Avenue, across from Center Market and near to "Hooker&#39;s Division" (now the Federal Triangle). The message was to drink water, not whiskey, as there were so many saloons along the Avenue to tempt passersby. This was near the halfway point between the Capitol and White House. For many years after National Prohibition, it ironically sat in front of the Apex Liquor Store, which operated in the ground floor of the Central National Bank Building.</p><br>
<p>In 1987, it was relocated about 100 feet north during the renewal by the Pennsylvania Avenue Development Corporation, since the statue was regarded as undesirable from the start. The PADC created Indiana Plaza, and the Temperance Fountain swapped locations with the monument to the Grand Army of the Republic, which was considered historically more significant.</p><br>
<p>Today the fountain sits at the corner of Seventh Street and Indiana Avenue, NW, across from the National Archives and Navy Memorial, where thousands of tourists and workers walk past daily without noticing it. The Temperance Fountain has been called "the city&#39;s ugliest statue". NBC correspondent Bryson Rash, writing in Footnote Washington, a 1981 book of capital lore, reported that "these unusual and awkward structures spurred the movement across the country for city fine arts commissions to screen such gifts" prior to funding. In April 1945, Sen. Sheridan Downey of California introduced a Senate resolution to remove the fountain, but, preoccupied with World War II, Congress ignored the resolution and it died in committee.</p><br>
<h2>Upkeep</h2><br>
<p>The fountain is also the source of the name for the Cogswell Society, a small group of Washington professionals who have taken it upon themselves to take care of the fountain.</p><br>
<p>In 1984, it was placed on the Downtown Historic District National Register #84003901.</p><br>
<h2>Other Cogswell fountains</h2><br>
<p>Cogswell&#39;s fountains can be found in Washington, D.C., Tompkins Square Park New York City, Washington Square, San Francisco and Rockville, Connecticut.</p><br>
<p>Other examples were erected and then torn down at: Buffalo, Rochester, Boston Common, Fall River, Massachusetts, Pacific Grove, California, and San Francisco (California and Market Streets).</p><br>
<p>The Moss Mansion Historic House Museum is located at 914 Division Street in Billings, Montana, United States. It is a red-stone mansion built in 1903 by Preston Boyd Moss  and his wife, Martha Ursula Woodson Moss, . Mr. and Mrs. Moss moved to Billings from Paris, Missouri where, "There was more happening at midnight than at noon in Paris Missouri"</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Moss Mansion was inhabited solely by Mr. and Mrs. Moss, their six children (Woodson Jackson, Kula, Melville Hollingsworth, Preston Boyd Moss, Jr., David Hickman Moss III and Virginia), and 3 servants from the time of construction until 1984 at which time a community effort was organized to save the building. Melville Moss insisted that the home stay in the family, and she lived in her home until she died in 1984 at the age of 88. The house was built for a cost of $105,000, compared to a national average of $5,000. It is a three-story single family dwelling with a basement and an attached solarium. It has 28 rooms, and is 60 ft square. It rises 45 ft into the air. The house is built with red sandstone from Lake Superior, and incorporates a mixture of styles from French Rococo to Moorish. The roof is made of over 10,000 Conosera tiles by Ludowici, and was fully removed and reinstalled in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The high-end interior decoration includes wood paneling, walls with gold threading, marble fireplaces, columns and even a vintage intercom system, all of which are original to the home. In addition the house is furnished with the original fixtures, furniture, drapes, and carpets. There is much of the Moss childrens furniture that has been returned to the home for posterity. Many pieces of eldest daughter Kulas furniture, quilts and needlepoint adorn the home as well as a harp representative of their second daughter Melvilles pride and joy. Matriarch Marthas paintings and china patterns are featured throughout much of the main floor. Each room in the house had a distinct theme and function designated by Martha Moss. These themes have been preserved and in some cases recreated to preserve the authenticity of the home.</p><br>
<p>The Mansion is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is owned by the city of Billings and the state of Montana. Visitors can view the residence during self-guided tours or one-hour guided tours of the lower three floors. The top floor has been converted to storage and office space for year-round staff and volunteers. Seasonal exhibits are also featured. The Moss Mansion was designed by the famous New York City architect Henry Janeway Hardenbergh, who also designed the original Waldorf-Astoria, Plaza Hotel, The Dakota, Willard Hotel, and Fairmont Copley Plaza. In 1986 the Billings Preservation Society, a non-profit organization, obtained proprietorship of the Moss Mansion through a lease agreement with the family and separate option agreement. The museum is self-funded through tours, events and weddings, annual fundraisers, memberships, and donations.</p><br>
<p>Lafayette High School was a public high school in Buffalo, New York. It was the oldest public school in Buffalo that remained in its original building, a stone, brick and terra-cotta structure in the French Renaissance Revival style by architects August Esenwein and James A. Johnson. Although classes began off-site during construction of the school, the building was completed and graduated its first class in 1903. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. It is located in Buffalo&#39;s Upper West Side at 370 Lafayette Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The name Lafayette High School was phased out beginning in 2015, graduating its final class in 2018, and was replaced by the name Lafayette International High School and Newcomers Academy. Classes continue to be held in the historic building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lafayette High School was the third high school built in Buffalo, New York. It has fallen into recent struggles with academics and has been placed on New York State&#39;s Watch List of Persistently Underperforming Schools. After the 2010–2011 school year, the school re-opened as a multicultural school with a new principal. The school also began housing seventh and eighth graders from nearby International School 45. This arrangement continued until 2015.</p><br>
<h3>Former principals</h3><br>
<p>Previous assignment and reason for departure denoted in parentheses</p><br>
<p>Mr. Arthur Detmers&ndash;1903-1906 (unknown, named Instructor of The Hill School)</p><br>
<p>Mr. Calvert King Mellen&ndash;1906-1934 (Math teacher - Buffalo Central High School, retired)</p><br>
<p>Mr. Frank Gott&ndash;1934-1955 (Vice Principal - Lafayette High School, retired)</p><br>
<p>Mr. Abraham Axelrod&ndash;1955-1958 (Assistant Principal - Kensington High School, died)</p><br>
<p>Mr. Robert C. McGowan&ndash;1958-1968 (Assistant Principal - East High School, retired)</p><br>
<p>Mr. Gerald S. Hare&ndash;1968-1972 (Assistant Principal - East High School, transferred to Buffalo Public Schools District Offices)</p><br>
<p>Mr. Frederick D. Ganter&ndash;1972-1997 (Assistant Principal - East High School, retired)</p><br>
<p>Ms. Sharon A. Lanza&ndash;1997-2004 (Assistant Principal - Lafayette High School, retired)</p><br>
<p>Mrs. Jacquelyn M. Baldwin&ndash;2004-2008 (Assistant Principal - City Honors School, transferred to Office Of School Performance)</p><br>
<p>Dr. Phyllis F. Morrell&ndash;2008-2011 (Principal on Assignment - McKinley Vocational High School,)</p><br>
<p>Mrs. Naomi R. Cerre&ndash;2011-2015 (Assistant Principal - McKinley High School, returned to McKinley)</p><br>
<p>Mrs. Denise E. Clarke&ndash;2015-2017 (Principal - Riverside Institute of Technology, retired)</p><br>
<p>Mr. Michael J. Mogavero&ndash;2017-2018 (Principal - Academy School 131, named Principal of Math, Science, Technology Preparatory School @ 39)</p><br>
<h3>Selected former assistant principals</h3><br>
<p>Previous assignment and reason for departure denoted in parentheses</p><br>
<p>Mr. Charles E. Rhodes&ndash;1918-1925 (English Teacher - Lafayette High School, named Principal of Bennett High School)</p><br>
<p>Mr. Frank Gott&ndash;1925-1934 (unknown, named Principal of Lafayette High School)</p><br>
<p>Mr. Irvin H. Himmele&ndash;1934-1941, 1948-1951 (Social Studies teacher - Lafayette High School, placed on military leave)</p><br>
<p>Mr. Carl S. Walz&ndash;1941-1948 (Math teacher - Lafayette High School, named Assistant Principal of East High School)</p><br>
<p>Mr. Frank J. Kelly&ndash;1951-1955 (Assistant Principal - South Park High Annex, named Assistant Principal of Kensington High School)</p><br>
<p>Dr. J. Norman Hayes&ndash;1955-1958 (Assistant Principal - School 87, named Principal of South Park High School)</p><br>
<p>Mr. Martin J. O&#39;Donnell&ndash;1958-1962 (Acting Assistant Principal - Kensington High School, named Principal of Grover Cleveland High School)</p><br>
<p>Ms. Margaret V. Lombardi&ndash;1962-1966 (Guidance Counselor - School 72, named Principal of Woodlawn Junior High School)</p><br>
<p>Ms. Mary Elizabeth Dougherty&ndash;1966-1970 (Guidance Counselor - Lafayette High School, named Director of Business Education for Buffalo Public Schools)</p><br>
<p>Mr. Chester J. Kryszczuk&ndash;1966-1969 (Assistant Principal - School 59, named Principal of School 80)</p><br>
<p>Mr. Salvatore J. Scamacca&ndash;1969-1990 (Instrumental Music teacher - Lafayette High School, retired)</p><br>
<p>Mr. Gerald H. Hesson&ndash;1972-1974 (Social Studies teacher - South Park High School, named Principal of Fillmore Middle School)</p><br>
<p>Dr. Daniel M. Kublitz&ndash;1974-1982 (Assistant Principal - Kensington High School, retired)</p><br>
<p>Mr. Charles G. Erickson&ndash;1983-1987 (Coordinator of Student Affairs - Kensington High School, retired)</p><br>
<p>Mr. Thomas P. Kopera&ndash;1987-1990 (Business teacher - Lafayette High School, named Principal of Burgard Vocational High School)</p><br>
<p>Mr. Elzie B. Fisher&ndash;1990-1995 (Assistant Principal - Kensington High School, named Principal of Buffalo Alternative High School)</p><br>
<p>Ms. Patricia C. Kormash&ndash;1990-1994 (French teacher - Lafayette High School, named Assistant Principal of North Tonawanda High School)</p><br>
<p>Ms. Sharon Lanza&ndash;1994-1997 (Assistant Principal - Grover Cleveland High School, named Principal of Lafayette High School)</p><br>
<p>Mr. Thomas M. Kalenik&ndash;1995-2004 (Social Studies teacher - Buffalo Public Schools, retired)</p><br>
<p>Ms. Lisa K. Robinson&ndash;1997-2006 (Computer Science teacher - Hutchinson Central Technical High School, named Assistant Principal of Opportunity Center at 331)</p><br>
<p>Mr. Gregory K. Pigeon&ndash;2004-2005 (Business teacher - Riverside Institute of Technology, named Assistant Principal of Erie 1 BOCES - Harkness Center)</p><br>
<p>Mr. Philip M. Martin&ndash;2005-2006 (Assistant Principal - Hutchinson Central Technical School, named Associate Principal of Shenendehowa High School)</p><br>
<p>Mrs. Denise Clarke&ndash;2006-2009 (Acting Assistant Principal - City Honors School,)</p><br>
<p>Mr. Gregory D. Mott&ndash;2006 (Assistant Principal - Opportunity School at 331,)</p><br>
<p>Mr. John E. Evert&ndash;2006-2008 (Business teacher - Burgard Vocational High School, named Vice Principal of Lewiston-Porter High School)</p><br>
<p>Mrs. Julie L Horn&ndash;2008-2014 (Assistant Principal - Bennett High School, named Assistant Principal of Newcomers Academy @ Lafayette)</p><br>
<p>Mr. Craig M. Brodnicki&ndash;2008-2016 (Assistant Principal - Campus West School, named Assistant Principal of McKinley Vocational High School)</p><br>
<p>Ms. Yuldonna M. Middleton&ndash;2011-2015 (Assistant Principal - International School, retired)</p><br>
<p>Mr. Rafael A. Mercado&ndash;2016-2017 (Assistant Principal - Emerson School of Hospitality, named Assistant Principal of D&#39;Youville Porter Campus School)</p><br>
<p>Mr. Daniel J. Bass&ndash;2015-2018 (Assistant Principal - McKinley Vocational High School, named Assistant Principal of The New Buffalo School of Culinary Art & Hospitality Management)</p><br>
<h3>Selected former administrators</h3><br>
<h2>Academics</h2><br>
<p>Lafayette High School currently serves as home to many Buffalo high school students learning English as a second language.</p><br>
<h3>Bell Schedule</h3><br>
<h2>Notable alumni</h2><br>
<p>Nanette Gretchen Gordon (class of 1940) Wife, mother and proud alumna of Lafayette high school as well as a volunteer at the VA hospital (300,000+ hours)in Buffalo, Nan Gordon single handedly put Lafayette HS on the National Register of Historic places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Gordon Bunshaft (class of 1928), noted twentieth-century architect.</p><br>
<p>Robert J. Donovan (class of 1932), Washington Bureau Chief, New York Herald Tribune and Los Angeles Times. President, White House Correspondents&#39; Association. Author of 12 books including PT-109. Only journalist to ever address a Joint Session of Congress.</p><br>
<p>Liz Dribben (class of 1954), first female news anchor on Buffalo television, copy writer at CBS News for Dan Rather, Walter Cronkite, and Charles Kuralt. Member of the Buffalo Broadcasting Hall of Fame.</p><br>
<p>Jeremiah Goodman (class of 1939), artist, known simply as "Jeremiah", painter of interior still lifes of famous residences.</p><br>
<p>Cecil de Blaquiere Howard (class of 1903), noted sculptor who lived in Paris, France from 1905 to 1940, and in New York until his death in 1956.</p><br>
<p>Barney Lepper (class of 1915), founder of the Buffalo All-Stars, which eventually became the city&#39;s first NFL team</p><br>
<p>Gary Mallaber (class of 1964), Multiple platinum selling drummer and producer involved with acts such as The Steve Miller Band, Van Morrison and Eddie Money.</p><br>
<p>Fran Striker (class of 1922), author, creator of the radio serial The Lone Ranger.</p><br>
<p>Bruce Shanks (class of 1927), Pulitzer Prize-winning political cartoonist.</p><br>
<p>Winifred C. Stanley (class of 1927), attorney and first member of congress to introduce legislation prohibiting discrimination in pay on account of sex</p><br>
<p>Frank Kelly Freas (class of 1938), famed science-fiction cover artist.</p><br>
<p>The Modernaires (Hal Dickinson, Chuck Goldstein, and Bill Conway, late 1930s), the popular harmony group renowned for its performances on record and motion pictures with the Glenn Miller Orchestra.</p><br>
<p>Tedd Lewin (class of 1953), artist, author and illustrator of children&#39;s books.</p><br>
<p>Angelo Coniglio (class of 1954), first Civil Engineering graduate of the University at Buffalo, engineer, professor of engineering, genealogist, author of the historical novella The Lady of the Wheel and archivist of the American Football League.</p><br>
<p>Edward C. Lawson (class of 1964), Edward won a landmark Supreme Court victory over racism and arbitrary stop and seizure practices by California police by defending himself before the Supreme Court of the US.. Few Lafayette graduates have ever shown such personal triumph over injustice.</p><br>
<p>Charles Reidpath Olympic gold medalist</p><br>
<p>Bobby Militello jazz saxophonist</p><br>
<p>Shanks (1927) and Lewin (1953), and all the art students in between were influenced by Elizabeth Weiffenbach, who taught art at the school for over forty years. These included Jack Smart (class of 1922), an artist who also played The Fat Man on 1940s radio; and Irving Jeremiah Goodman (class of 1939), a contemporary artist specializing in room still lifes. Turner rowed for the USA in the 1956 Olympic Games in Melbourne, Australia, was executive editor of The Buffalo Courier-Express, and is a member of the exclusive Gridiron Club in Washington, D.C.</p><br>
<p>The public school is supported by the private Lafayette High School Alumni Association. In 1999, the association restored the buildings landmark lantern or "cupola", which had deteriorated and been demolished for safety reasons in the 1970s. In May 2003, the association sponsored and ran a 100th Anniversary Celebration, attended by over 1,700 alumni and their guests, raising $30,000 for the school. The funds will establish the Ramsi P. Tick media room in memory of entrepreneur Tick, an LHS alumnus and philanthropist. The association also awards several annual grants and scholarships for worthy causes and students, and on Sunday, August 4, 2013 is holding a free All-Class Reunion to celebrate the schools one hundred and tenth year.</p><br>
<p>As their logos, the school and the Association use the LHS Triangle (Lafayette High School; Loyalty, Honor, Service), and the Lafayette Angel.</p><br>
<p>San Felipe de Neri Church  is a historic Catholic church located on the north side of Old Town Plaza in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Built in 1793, it is one of the oldest surviving buildings in the city and the only building in Old Town proven to date to the Spanish colonial period. The church is listed on the New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties and has remained in continuous use for over 200 years.</p><br>
<p>San Felipe de Neri replaced an older church, dating to the founding of Albuquerque in 1706, which collapsed in the winter of 1792–3. From its founding until 1817, church was run by Franciscan missionaries. During the Victorian era, under the influence of Bishop Jean-Baptiste Lamy, the church was remodeled with Gothic Revival elements, including bell towers, a new pitched roof, and interior decorations, to give it a more European appearance. This combination of elements from different periods and traditions makes the church notable architecturally as well as historically.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>First church</h3><br>
<p>The church was established in 1706 under the direction of Fray Manuel Moreno, a Franciscan missionary who was among the original settlers of Albuquerque. The first baptism was recorded on June 26 of that year, The church was originally dedicated to St. Francis Xavier, but the Viceroy ordered the patron saint changed to St. Philip Neri in July 1706 to honor King Philip V.</p><br>
<p>In 1776 the church was inspected by Fray Atanasio Domínguez, who wrote that it faced east with an attached convent on the south side and was surrounded by a walled cemetery. Domínguez also encountered some confusion as to the church&#39;s patron saint, which the local people evidently still believed to be Francis Xavier. Domínguez had a painting of the correct saint installed and the church has been known as San Felipe de Neri since. The church was apparently allowed to deteriorate in the late 1700s to the point where it collapsed during the winter of 1792–93.</p><br>
<h3>Second church</h3><br>
<p>The governor, Fernando de la Concha, called the church collapse a disgrace and ordered everyone in the surrounding area to help in constructing a replacement as soon as possible. The new church was begun in 1793 and had a more sophisticated design than the old building, with a cruciform rather than rectangular plan and twin bell towers. A convento was added on the east side for the Franciscan friars who operated the parish. In 1817, the administration of San Felipe de Neri was transferred to the Diocese of Durango, as the Franciscans had outlived their intended missionary role and were draining the province&#39;s funds by continuing to draw a sizable government subsidy. In fact, provincial authorities had been trying to remove them since 1767.</p><br>
<p>Under the influence of Bishop (later Archbishop) Jean-Baptiste Lamy during the 1850s and 60s, the church was remodeled to give it a more Anglo appearance, with a pitched roof, vernacular Gothic Revival spires, and a new altar and pulpit painted to look like marble. In 1867, Lamy handed control of the parish to Italian Jesuits, who oversaw the construction of Our Lady of the Angels School in 1878 and a convent for the Sisters of Charity (who ran the school) in 1881. In 1890, the rectory was rebuilt with a second story, a new portico, and a widow&#39;s walk. The church interior was remodeled again in 1916, giving it a new floor and a pressed tin ceiling. In 1965, administration of the church was returned to the Archdiocese of Santa Fe. It remains a functioning parish church.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>San Felipe de Neri is cruciform in plan with thick adobe walls, wooden vigas, and carved corbels dating to the original 18th century construction. Like most colonial churches in New Mexico, it uses the aisleless (single-nave) plan with a polygonal apse. The apse, transepts, and crossing have a raised ceiling, and there is a low choir loft over the main entrance. The church is notable for its fusion of elements from different periods, with a "skin" of Victorian embellishments applied to the more traditional adobe forms. The exterior features twin bell towers, added around 1861, which show a vernacular adaptation of the Gothic Revival style using local materials. Interior details from the same period include the altar and pulpit, which are constructed from wood painted to look like marble, tongue-and-groove wainscoting, and wooden cabinetry in the sacristy. The pressed tin ceiling was added in 1916.</p><br>
<h2>Other buildings</h2><br>
<p>The church property includes several ancillary buildings which are also of historical interest.</p><br>
<h3>Rectory</h3><br>
<p>The rectory, also known as Moreno Hall, stands east of the church on the site of the original convento built in the 1790s. Rebuilt around 1890 by the Jesuits, the present rectory is a rectangular, two-story building of stuccoed brick with a wide portico, cross-gabled roof, and widow&#39;s walk. The west gable has a decorative octagonal window, while a similar window on the front was replaced by a clock.</p><br>
<h3>Our Lady of the Angels School</h3><br>
<p>This was Albuquerque&#39;s first public school, built by the Jesuits in 1878. It is a one-story, gable-roofed building with a wooden cupola and particularly fine Territorial style trim. The school is separately listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h3>Sister Blandina Convent</h3><br>
<p>The convent, attached to the west side of the church, was built in 1881 for the Sisters of Charity and was said to be the first two-story adobe building in Old Town. This proved challenging for the local builders and required an Italian mason to be brought from Santa Fe to lay the stone foundation. It is named for Blandina Segale, who helped to supervise its construction and became famous for her many exploits in the West. The convent was staffed by the Sisters until the late 1970s.</p><br>
<h3>Outbuildings</h3><br>
<p>Also on the church property are a modest Territorial-style barn, stable, and parish hall. The buildings are organized around a central courtyard.</p><br>
<p>Darius B. Moon  was an architect in Lansing, Michigan, United States. A largely self-educated poet, artist and craftsman, Moon built over 260 structures, most of them in the area of Lansing and East Lansing, Michigan, during a prolific career that stretched from 1860 to 1923.</p><br>
<h2>Early life</h2><br>
<p>Darius B. Moon was born in 1851 in Cattaraugus County, New York, and moved to Eaton County, Michigan when he was three years old. He was married in 1877, and moved to Lansing by 1883 and began his career as a builder. He was interested in architecture from an early age, and was likely self-taught.</p><br>
<h2>Career</h2><br>
<p>Following his interest, by 1888 he was working as an architect. He worked alone until 1909, when he partnered with Raymond Spice to form the firm of Moon and Spice. He continued working until his retirement in 1923.</p><br>
<p>His Queen Anne-style houses range from the Ransom E. Olds residence (demolished in 1971 to make way for the R. E. Olds Freeway) to the Howland House student co-op (originally the home of Chester D. Woodbury) in East Lansing. He also designed residences for Henry Kosltchek, Edward D. Sparrow, Frank Dodge, Judge Person, and H.M. Rogers. In addition to houses, Moon designed four schools, the Olds Motor Works, and the original Sparrow Hospital.</p><br>
<h2>Works</h2><br>
<p>1873: Delta Center Trinity Methodist Church</p><br>
<p>1889: Benjamin Davis House</p><br>
<p>1890: Michigan Millers Mutual Fire Insurance Company Building</p><br>
<p>1894: Darius B. Moon House</p><br>
<p>1900: Turner-Dodge House</p><br>
<p>Aurora is a ghost town in Mineral County in the west central part of the US state of Nevada, approximately 22 mi southwest of the town of Hawthorne, three miles from the California border.</p><br>
<p>Today the townsite is much diminished, having been damaged by vandals. After World War II many of the buildings were razed for their brick.</p><br>
<p>The road to Aurora was once difficult to navigate except via four-wheel drive, as the winter snows and spring run-off damaged the road in the canyon leading to the town. In recent years the operations of a nearby mine have improved the road so that even non-4WD vehicles can reach the town site.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early Aurora</h3><br>
<p>James M. Cory, James M. Braly and E.R. Hicks founded the town in 1860.</p><br>
<p>Soon after its founding, a small crowd of miners quickly moved into the area after hearing about the deposits in the area. Crude homes and businesses were constructed using mud and other local materials or were easily imported. By April 1861, the population was 1,400, and town lots were selling for around $1,500. By 1862, the city had a newspaper, the Esmeralda Star. In 1864, the population was 6,000. The peak population was roughly 10,000 people.</p><br>
<p>Prior to 1860 and the discovery of the mines, fewer than 100 people lived in the Aurora area. The biggest rush of population was in the Spring of 1863 after the Wide West Vein provided many jobs. Aurora&#39;s mines were so rich that miners came from all over the west. Travel in the spring was much easier than in the winter or colder months. In the Spring of 1863, Aurora had 760 houses, 20 stores, and 22 saloons. Like most mining boom towns, the population had a small number of women and children compared to a large male population.</p><br>
<p>Travel to Aurora was difficult, but the Mono Trail and the Sonora Pass Route were important paths to Aurora. After it was built, the Esmeralda Toll Road connected Aurora to San Francisco through Carson Valley. This allowed for Aurora to receive supplies directly from San Francisco, which contributed to its growth. As Aurora grew, agriculture grew as well with people farming hay, livestock, dairy products, grain, and vegetables.</p><br>
<h3>Peak</h3><br>
<p>One source states that Auroras population reached 5,000 in 1863, while other sources put the peak number at approximately 10,000. Auroras mines produced $27 million worth of gold by 1869. The town was governed by both California and Nevada until it was determined that the town lay entirely in Nevada. At one point it was simultaneously the county seat of both Mono County, California, and Esmeralda County, Nevada. Its California assemblyman was the Speaker of the California State Assembly while the Nevada legislative member was elected as president of the Nevada Territorial Legislature.</p><br>
<p>Aurorans quickly learned that the climate was harsh and the weather unpredictable, making life difficult for its residents. The majority of the population was male and saloons were numerous. Gambling houses and brothels were common and provided late night entertainment to the men of the town. There were numerous Chinese brothels that existed on the most public of streets and roughly half the women in the town were prostitutes. Other recreational activities for the men were hunting, fishing, dog fights, and dog and badger fights. Skiing was a recreational activity in the town thanks to the mountains surrounding the town. It was probably the most popular recreational activity among residents.</p><br>
<p>Violence was a major problem. Most men carried guns and knives daily, and armed conflict was not rare. These conflicts often ended in death. There are numerous examples of disagreements leading to armed violence. Family life was almost non existent due to the low number of women and children in the town. This allowed the men to frequent the saloons, brothels and gambling houses that were in the town.</p><br>
<p>The town cemetery suffered from vandalism over the years. The most notable destruction was the headstone of William E. Carder, a notorious criminal and gunfighter who, on the night of December 10, 1864, was "assassinated" by a man whom he had threatened in the preceding days. The headstone erected by his wife Annie was toppled by thieves who attempted to steal it, and broken into several pieces, where they now lie sunken into the ground.</p><br>
<h3>Decline</h3><br>
<p>By 1864, 7 of the 17 quartz mills were shut down and the remaining mills were operating at a fraction of capacity. By 1865, production declined and more mills were shut down. By 1870, half of the town&#39;s houses were deserted and most of the mills and buildings had been dismantled.</p><br>
<p>Aurora had a difficult time maintaining its success due to the nature of the mines. Most mines were less than 100 feet deep, and of minimal endurance. The gold and silver in the area had been completely mined by 1870. Many people deserted the area but left all buildings, stores and homes intact. Eventually, these buildings were stripped of their resources (bricks, lumber, etc.) to be used for fireplaces in California and other building needs. Because of its isolation—Aurora was miles from any major city and surrounded by rugged mountainous terrain—furnishing supplies for the town became difficult. Food, fuel, lumber, machinery, tools, hardware, and clothing were scarce. They had to be shipped in on difficult roads and stage lines. Travel in winter months was very difficult. The town was dominated by a harsh climate with violent and unpredictable weather, which made a permanent settlement increasingly difficult without outside support.</p><br>
<p>There were a few attempts to revive the city, but those were not successful with the last attempt ending in 1918.</p><br>
<h2>Current state</h2><br>
<p>There are small remains of Aurora in the area. The streets and the foundations of some of the buildings are still somewhat visible. Most of the buildings were dismantled, its materials used in homes in California as used brick became fashionable.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Mark Twain briefly lived in Aurora, around 1862. The cited article relates that local residents later promoted the Mark Twain connection to encourage tourism and sell curios.</p><br>
<p>Haughville is a neighborhood west of downtown Indianapolis. Its borders are roughly White River Parkway to the east, Tibbs Avenue to the west, 16th Street to the north, and Michigan Street to the south. It was first settled in the 1830s and grew after a bridge over White River was built connecting to Indianapolis, which annexed the town in 1897. The modern version of the bridge is also the connection between Haughville on the west side of the river and the Sidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital and Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis on the east. The population in the late 1890s included Slovenian, German, and Irish immigrants, among other European immigrants. In the 21st century, the neighborhood suffers from a high crime rate and low property values.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A portion of the neighborhood, roughly bounded by 10th Street, Belleview Place, Walnut Street. and Concord Street, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Haughville Historic District, a national historic district. The district encompasses 329 contributing buildings. This area includes the site of the former housing project, Concord Village.</p><br>
<p>The area was first settled in the 1830s when it became home to a number of merchants, whose small shops sprouted up near the west landing of the then-brand-new Washington Street Bridge over the White River. By the 1880s, encouraged by the bridge and proximity to a number of new railroad lines, the town became home to a number of Irish, German, and later Slovene immigrants, many of whom worked in the neighborhood&#39;s two iron foundries or in meat-packing plants. The Haugh and Ketcham Iron Works gave the town its name. The area was incorporated in 1883 and annexed by Indianapolis in 1897.</p><br>
<p>By 1900, almost half of the neighborhoods inhabitants were Slovene, many of whom attended St. Anthonys Catholic church. Due to tensions with the largely Irish population at St. Anthonys parish, the Slovenian community petitioned Vicar General Denis D. ODonaghue to build their own church. Permission was received and Holy Trinity Slovenian Catholic Church began in April 1906. Holy Trinity is the only Slovenian Catholic church in the United States and is also an international historical landmark. It was first designated a national church, then later as a territorial church by the Catholic hierarchy. Holy Trinity eventually became home to a school, a number of local organizations, and a Slovene community center. The church closed its doors in 2015. The neighborhood&#39;s Slovene past is one of the reasons that Indianapolis has a sister-city relationship with Piran, Slovenia. The Slovenian National Home was formed in 1906 in a basement of a home across the street from Holy Trinity Slovenian Catholic Church as a place to congregate outside of the church and home. Today the "Nash" is located at 2717 W. 10th street, where it has been a pillar of the community since 1940. The National Home is a private club for Slovenian people, their descendants, and friends.</p><br>
<p>The application to be a Historic Neighborhood indicates the period of significance to be 1895 to 1942, and shows a map of the location of the area relative to Indianapolis. A map of the district itself is also available. The Haughville Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>As of 2011, there were an estimated 8,043 people, a slight increase since 2000. However this represents the over Near Westside Weed and Seed area, which incorporates the population of a small section of other neighborhoods surrounding Haughville. The population of Haughville itself is estimated at around 6,500, while the makeup of Haughville (excluding Stringtown and other neighboring areas) is approximately 92 percent African-American or Black descent. The remaining percent of the area is said to be a mixture of White (Non-Hispanic) and an increasing Hispanic population.</p><br>
<p>Of the adult population (25 and older), 40.7% do not have a high school diploma. The overall neighborhood&#39;s per capita income is $9,760 and an average household income of $17,321 making the entire neighborhood well below the average per capita and household income of Indianapolis.</p><br>
<h2>Crime</h2><br>
<p>Crime problems began in the area after multiple business were closed down and drugs swept through the neighborhood. In 1991 Indianapolis Police Department statistics recorded 2 murders, 13 rapes, 47 robberies, 99 aggravated assault and 110 burglaries.</p><br>
<p>Since 1992, Haughville has been a member of Indianapolis&#39;s Weed and Seed initiative, a federal program that targets high crime areas in Indianapolis and attempts to lower the amount of crime. It was the first neighborhood in Indianapolis to participate in this program.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>Haughville has a public library, which is the oldest continuously-operating branch of the Indianapolis Public Library.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Wes Montgomery, acclaimed jazz guitarist.</p><br>
<p>Hyapatia Lee, sex worker and activist of Cherokee and Irish descent.</p><br>
<p>The Santee Canal was one of the earliest canals built in the United States. It was built to provide a direct water route between Charleston and Columbia, the new state capital of South Carolina. It was named to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1786, the South Carolina General Assembly chartered a company to construct and maintain an inland canal linking the Cooper River near Charleston, with the Santee River. The Santee River connects to the Congaree River and the City of Columbia. Construction started in 1793, directed by Engineer Col. John Christian Senf. It opened in 1800.</p><br>
<p>It was 22 mi long. It had two double locks and eight single locks. Its width was 35 ft at the water&#39;s surface and 20 ft at the bottom. Its depth was 4 ft.</p><br>
<p>Due to sparse traffic, poor construction, and droughts, the canal was not a financial success. The construction of railroads sealed its fate. It lost its state charter in 1853. It was not used after 1865. Much of it was covered eventually by the reservoir Lake Moultrie.</p><br>
<p>Additional pictures and information are available from the Historic American Buildings Survey at the Library of Congress. Old Santee Canal Park is located in Moncks Corner, South Carolina. The park is situated at Stony Landing, the former southernmost section of the canal.</p><br>
<p>Old Fort Johnson is a historic house museum and historic site at 2 Mergner Road  in Fort Johnson, New York. It is the site of Fort Johnson, a two-story stone house originally enclosed in fortifications built by Sir William Johnson about 1749. The fort served as Johnsons home, business office and trading center until 1763 when he moved to Johnson Hall in what is now Johnstown, New York. Sir Williams son Sir John Johnson owned the house from 1763 until 1776, when it was confiscated by the local Committee of Safety. The house remains and is owned and operated as a museum by the Montgomery County Historical Society. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Old Fort Johnson is located at the center of the village of Fort Johnson, on the north side of NY Route 5 overlooking the Mohawk River just west of NY Route 67. The property, about 1 acre in size, is fringed on the front and east side by a low stone retaining wall. The house is a -story structure, built out of limestone and topped by a hip roof. Brick chimneys are located in the side walls, and the front face of the roof is pierced by three gabled dormers. The front facade is five bays wide, with a center entrance sheltered by a gabled portico supported by Doric columns. The interior follows a central hall plan, with a parlor and study on the left, and a large dining room and serving chamber on the right; the kitchen is located in the basement.</p><br>
<p>William Johnson came to what is now Upstate New York in 1738, establishing a sawmill nearby and engaging in trade with the local Iroquois. Johnson built this house about 1749, after King Georges War ended. The house was surrounded by a wooden palisade during the French and Indian War. Johnson was influential in relations between the colonial government and the local Mohawk people, and was named the crown Superintendent of Indian Affairs in 1756. He moved further west, establishing Johnson Hall as his seat in 1763. This house became the home of his son John, who was a leading Loyalist during the American Revolutionary War. Both Fort Johnson and Johnson Hall were seized by the state and auctioned off due to the Johnsons opposition to independence. After passing through many owners, Fort Johnson was purchased in the 1920s by John Watts DePeyster and given to the Montgomery County Historical Society, which now operates it as a museum.</p><br>
<p>York River State Park is located near the unincorporated town of Croaker in James City County, Virginia on the south bank of the York River about 10 miles downstream from West Point.</p><br>
<p>The York River is formed from the confluence of the Mattaponi River and the Pamunkey River at West Point. The York River empties into the Chesapeake Bay about 30 miles downstream from Croaker Landing.</p><br>
<p>In the state park, the historical Croaker Landing is an archaeological site listed in the National Register of Historic Places since 1987. The name "Croaker" is believed to have derived from the abundant quantity of Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus), an inshore, bottom-dwelling fish found in the Chesapeake Bay at the mouth of the York River. The site contains evidence of Native American habitation throughout the Woodland period (c. 1000 B.C. - A.D. 1600). It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The town of Croaker was known in its early history as Taskinas Plantation. It was the site of a 17th and 18th century public tobacco warehouse where local planters stored their crops to be shipped to England.</p><br>
<p>York River State Park opened in 1980. It is accessed via Exit 231-B of Interstate 64, which is signed "Croaker-Norge." The old Richmond-Williamsburg Stage Road, now USA Route 60, also is nearby.</p><br>
<p>Fort Washakie was a USA Army fort in what is now the USA state of Wyoming. The fort was established in 1869 and named Camp Augur after General Christopher C. Augur, commander of the Department of the Platte. In 1870 the camp was renamed Camp Brown in honor of Captain Frederick H. Brown, who was killed in the Fetterman Massacre in 1866.</p><br>
<p>It was renamed again in 1878 in honor of Chief Washakie of the Shoshone tribe, making the fort one of the only USA military outposts named after a Native American. (Another fort named for a Native American was Fort E.S. Parker, the original Crow Agency in Montana that operated from 1869 to 1875, which was named after the Seneca lawyer Eli Parker, who was a General under Ulysses Grant.)</p><br>
<p>Fort Washakie was operated as a military outpost until 1909, when it was decommissioned and turned over to the Shoshone Indian Agency. The graves of Washakie and Lewis and Clark Expedition guide Sacajawea are located on the grounds of the fort. The site is included within the present-day Wind River Indian Reservation.</p><br>
<p>Planting Fields Arboretum State Historic Park, which includes the Coe Hall Historic House Museum, is an arboretum and state park covering over 400 acre located in the village of Upper Brookville in the town of Oyster Bay, New York.</p><br>
<p>Near the end of America&#39;s Gilded Age, the estate named Planting Fields was the home of William Robertson Coe, an insurance and railroad executive, and his wife Mary "Mai" Huttleston (née Rogers) Coe, the youngest daughter of millionaire industrialist Henry H. Rogers, who had been a principal of Standard Oil. It includes the 67-room Coe Hall, greenhouses, gardens, woodland paths, and outstanding plant collections. Its grounds were designed by Guy Lowell, A. R. Sargent, the Olmsted Brothers, and others. Planting Fields also features an herbarium of over 10,000 pressed specimens.</p><br>
<p>The name "Planting Fields" comes from the Matinecock Indians who cultivated the rich soil in the clearings high above Long Island Sound.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The history of the present-day property on the famous "Gold Coast" of Long Island began between 1904 and 1912, when Helen MacGregor Byrne &ndash; wife of New York City lawyer James Byrne &ndash; purchased six farming properties which she collectively referred to as "Upper Planting Fields Farm". The Byrnes hired landscape architect James Leal Greenleaf between 1904 and 1910 to create hedges, perennial borders, and espaliered fruit trees. Though notable features from this period are the Rose Arbor, the Circular Pool and the Green Garden Court, Coe recalled in later life, "Mrs Byrne had done very little in the shape of landscaping. She had a small lawn around the ridge of the residence" and next to it a cornfield. Most of the property, Coe recalled, was "just a jungle of scrub, locusts, and other trees".</p><br>
<p>In 1913, William Robertson Coe purchased the house and 353 acre estate, and began today&#39;s plantings and landscaping under the guidance of the Boston landscaping firm of Guy Lowell and A. Robeson Sargent, son of Charles Sargent, founder of the Arnold Arboretum. In 1915, Lowell and Sargent oversaw transport of two gigantic beeches from Fairhaven, Massachusetts, the childhood home of Mary "Mai" Huttleston (née Rogers) Coe (who was the daughter of Henry H. Rogers of Standard Oil). The trees, with root balls 30 ft in diameter, were ferried across Long Island Sound in mid-winter. Roads were widened and utility wires temporarily removed to make way. Only one of the two trees survived the journey. Unfortunately, the second beech tree has recently died, and was taken down in February 2006. However, the “Fairhaven Beech” will live on: seedlings were collected from the tree from 2000 to 2005.</p><br>
<p>Massive purchases of rhododendrons were made in England, Japanese crabapples and cherries, and forest and specimen trees, lindens, Scotch and red pines, oaks. Through the English nurseryman Glomar Waterer, who had sold Mr Coe the rhododendrons, came an offer in 1916 of an unusually fine collection of camellias located in Guernsey, for which the Camellia House was constructed by "Bobo" Sargent in autumn 1917, and filled with the plants grown in tubs that were shipped the following spring. Most of them were selected varieties of Camellia japonica but there were six Camellia reticulata, never before grown in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The propertys first mansion burned to the ground on March 19, 1918; its replacement, the present Coe Hall, was constructed between 1918 and 1921 in the Tudor Revival style and faced in Indiana limestone. It was designed by the firm of Walker & Gillette and was completed in 1921. Images from a book of English country houses inspired its architecture, especially those of Moyns Park, Athelhampton, and St. Catherines Court.</p><br>
<p>William and Mai Coes interest in rare species of trees and plant collections made the estate a botanical marvel. Mai, who was chronically ill for the last decade of her life, died on December 28, 1924, at the age of forty-nine and is buried nearby. The 353 acre estate was deeded to the state of New York in 1949 (during Mr. Coes lifetime) to become a state park.</p><br>
<h2>The main gardens</h2><br>
<p>Sargent created The Italian Blue Pool Garden between 1914 and 1918, with the Tea House built in 1915 to designs by Guy Lowell. Historically this garden was planted with spring-blooming perennials such as delphiniums, irises, peonies, and poppies. It is currently being restored to this original form.</p><br>
<p>After the unexpected death of A.R. Sargent in 1918, the Coes appointed the Olmsted Brothers of Brookline, Massachusetts, with James Frederick Dawson as chief landscape architect, who brought their signature "naturalistic" look to the north side of the property. They completed additions to the Main Greenhouse and Camellia Greenhouse, as well as the Beech Copse, Main Lawn, West Lawn and Heather Garden.</p><br>
<p>The Green Garden features a circular pool. Nearby Azalea Walks and Vista Path show hundreds of varieties of azalea and rhododendron. The Rose Arbor and Rose Garden contain over 680 Tea, shrub, and miniature roses.</p><br>
<p>The Synoptic Garden displays over 500 types of tree and shrub, arranged in alphabetical order by botanical name. The Magnolia Collection contains over 80 types of deciduous and evergreen agnolia. The Rhododendron Collection shows over 1,000 types of azalea and rhododendron.</p><br>
<p>The Camellia Greenhouse (Lowell & Sargent, 1917; revised and extended by Olmsted Brothers, 1917&ndash;1922) was built specifically to house the camellia collection, originally of 114 full-grown plants; currently the collection consists of over 300 plants. It was James F. Dawson&#39;s idea to sink the tubs directly in the ground, rather than trundle them out seasonally, the usual procedure for camellias grown in greenhouses.</p><br>
<p>The Main Greenhouse (Lowell & Sargent/Olmsted Brothers) was constructed between 1914 and 1929, with a Hibiscus House added in 1929 for the Coes&#39; hibiscus collection. Today, the Main Greenhouse offers large collections of orchids, cacti and succulents, houseplants, ferns and begonias, as well as seasonal displays of chrysanthemum, poinsettia, hydrangea, coleus, etc.</p><br>
<p>The North Border features the holly collection, Dwarf Conifer Garden, Conifer Trail, Heather Garden, and Species Rhododendron. The holly collection includes over 100 different types of evergreen hollies such as English, American, Asian and hybrid forms. The Dwarf Conifer Garden features dozens of varieties of spruce, fir, Chamaecyparis, juniper, pine, etc. The nearby full-scale conifers can reach over 60 ft tall, and include sequoia, metasequoia, larch, fir, spruce and pine, with a large assortment of Rhododendron species under the canopy. The Heather Garden features low growing heaths and heathers, as well as rhododendron, azalea, and other flowering plants.</p><br>
<p>The Dahlia Garden offers several hundred varieties of show-quality dahlias.</p><br>
<p>Finally, there are over 200 acre of woodland at Planting Fields, with miles of walking trails through the woods. Before some recent losses the Long Island Horticultural Society reported that eighteen of the trees at Planting Fields were the largest of their species on Long Island.</p><br>
<h2>College campus period</h2><br>
<p>During an interim period between 1955 and 1964, in addition to its role as Planting Fields Arboretum, a park, the land was used as a temporary campus for a State University of New York (SUNY) college of science and engineering, which was known as the State University College On Long Island at Oyster Bay (SUCOLI) while donated land in Stony Brook, NY was being developed into the new permanent campus. In 1962 Stony Brook University moved to its new home, and transitioned for a two-year period between the campuses. At first all activities were located inside Coe Hall, but as the college grew, dormitories were moved to the stables and temporary dome structures were erected on the grounds for classes and laboratories.</p><br>
<p>Subsequent to Stony Brook University moving to its permanent campus in Suffolk County, the site became home to another SUNY endeavor, the Center for International Studies and World Affairs ("ISWA"). When this SUNY undertaking was shut down in 1968, all facilities and grounds became the current day Planting Fields.</p><br>
<h2>Planting Fields today</h2><br>
<p>Today it is owned and operated by New York State Office of Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation in cooperation with Planting Fields Foundation, with its world-renowned arboretum and the Coe Hall mansion, is a popular attraction. The wrought-iron gates, built in Sussex, England in 1712 for Carshalton Park, were imported by Coe in 1921 and have been used as a setting for numerous motion pictures. While the park entirely lies within Upper Brookville, the parcel of the park in which the famous Carshalton Park gates are located is in the Village of Matinecock. Therefore, Oyster Bay Post Office which serves this area of Upper Brookville is displayed as the official USPS mailing address.</p><br>
<p>Planting Fields Arboretum was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The Amesbury Friends Meetinghouse is a Friends Meeting House at 120 Friend Street in Amesbury, Massachusetts. Built in 1850 under the guidance of John Greenleaf Whittier, it is home to one of the leading Quaker congregations of the region, and historically hosted quarterly meetings for Quakers from across eastern Massachusetts and southeastern New Hampshire. The meetinghouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and history</h2><br>
<p>The Amesbury Friends Meetinghouse is located west of downtown Amesbury, on the south side of Friend Street, at the southwest corner of its junction with Greenleaf Street. It is a simple -story wood-frame building, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. The main facade is three bays wide, with sash windows flanking a center entrance, and a smaller window in the gable above. The building sides each have three windows. The interior has a vestibule spanning the building width, leading to the main chamber, with a gallery above. The main chamber has movable partitions, which can be raised and lowered by means of pulleys. These facilitate both the conduct of services by the entire congregation, and the conduct of business meetings, which were historically segregated by sex.</p><br>
<p>The Amesbury congregation of the Society of Friends is the oldest in northeastern Massachusetts, dating to 1657. Initially meeting in what is now southern New Hampshire to avoid persecution by the Puritan authorities of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, they built their first meeting house in 1705. The present building is their fourth, and was completed in 1851. The poet John Greenleaf Whittier, a member of long standing in the congregation and by then already well known, was a leading force on the building committee. The buildings comparatively large size is a reflection of the congregations importance as a host of the regional quarterly meetings. From 1851 to 1962, the meetinghouse hosted the Salem Quarterly meeting. The Amesbury Monthly Meeting of Friends is a current thriving congregation, with Meeting for Worship every Sunday at 10 AM. The facing bench displays a small plaque that reads, "Whittier&#39;s Bench."</p><br>
<p>S. R. Crown Hall, designed by the German-American Modernist architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, is the home of the College of Architecture at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago, Illinois.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Before the building of Crown Hall, the site was occupied by Mecca Flats. Originally built as a hotel for visitors to the World&#39;s Columbian Exposition, the building was converted to apartments and became home to mostly middle-class black families. Illinois Tech purchased the building in 1941 and razed it in 1952, after a decade-long legal fight with the tenants who aimed to prevent its destruction and their displacement.</p><br>
<p>Ludwig Mies van der Rohe designed several dozen buildings for the southern side of the Illinois Institute of Technology. Most of these structures employ a brick and glass infill system within an exposed steel frame. When he was given the opportunity to design Crown Hall in 1950, Mies deviated from the norm and built a totally different structure which no one had seen before.</p><br>
<p>Widely regarded as one of Mies van der Rohes masterpieces, Crown Hall, completed in 1956, is one of the most architecturally significant buildings of the 20th century Modernist movement. Crown Hall is considered architecturally significant because Mies van der Rohe refined the basic steel and glass construction style, beautifully capturing simplicity and openness for endless new uses. Creating this openness was achieved by the building having a suspended roof, without the need for interior columns. This created a universal space that could be endlessly adapted to new uses. Typically, older buildings up to 1956 had columns to support the roof, but Crown Hall does not require them. While designing Crown Hall, Mies stayed true to his famous words, "less is more" and he considered the building to be the best embodiment of the maxim. At the time Crown Hall was built, the idea of providing a single large room for the school of architecture and city plannings 300 students was to be particularly workable, and for students not to be isolated from others who may be further or less advanced in the course than them. Still, shortly after Crown Hall was built, architects began to question the relevancy of Mies work. Many architects depicted Crown Hall as "slipping beneath the waves of Lake Michigan to a watery grave." But after a number of years, Crown Hall was seen as such a successful icon of modern architecture that it served as the foil for Chicago architect Stanley Tigermans 1978 satirical collage, “The Titanic”.</p><br>
<p>Mies once described his creation as being "almost nothing." With World War II and the Great Depression leaving a large break in construction, Mies reconstructed curriculum to appreciate minimalism and to focus on using only what was necessary; an approach not yet favorable in most architecture schools of the time.</p><br>
<p>Centrally located on the campus of the Illinois Institute of Technology, two miles south of downtown Chicago, Illinois, the building houses Illinois Tech&#39;s school of architecture, city planning, and the department of design. The two-level building is configured as a pure rectangular form, 220 ft. by 120 ft. by 18 ft. tall. The substructure is reinforced concrete, and is independent of the superstructure. The enclosed space is column-free with four six ft. steel plate girders welded to eight H-columns. These girders suspend the roof in a single plane to form a primary structure. While the lower level consists of compartmentalized rooms, the upper level occupies almost 50% of the total area of the building, but only includes one large, open classroom.</p><br>
<p>On March 27, 2012, Mies van der Rohe&#39;s 126th birthday, Google honored the architect and this icon of his achievement with a poetic doodle of Crown Hall.</p><br>
<h2>Landmark status and renovation</h2><br>
<p>S.R. Crown Hall was named a Chicago Landmark in 1997, a National Historic Landmark in 2001, and the remainder of the Illinois Tech Main Campus was entered into the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>In August 2005, a major renovation was completed by Krueck and Sexton Architects, rescuing the building from years of lagging maintenance, enhancing its accessibility and functionality, improving overall energy and environmental performance, and restoring Crown close to its 1956 appearance. The original Detroit graphite lead paint was stripped from the structural steel and replaced with a lead-free black Tnemec urethane coating. The glazing was completely replaced with panes and stops that meet current wind load requirements. True sandblasted glass, original to the building but absent since a prior renovation, was installed in the lower panes. The entire travertine-paved south terrace was replaced. Interior wood partitions and storage lockers were refinished and resurfaced. Additionally, electrical and Ethernet wiring was added to the main floor and restoration of the vents.</p><br>
<p>Union Oyster House is a restaurant at 41–43 Union Street in Downtown Boston, Massachusetts. Open to diners since 1826, it is among the oldest operating restaurants in the United States and the oldest known to have been continuously operating. The building was listed as a National Historic Landmark on May 27, 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building itself was built before 1714, most likely in 1704. Before it became a restaurant, Hopestill Capen&#39;s dress goods business occupied the property. In 1771, printer Isaiah Thomas published his newspaper, The Massachusetts Spy, on the second floor. The restaurant originally opened as the Atwood & Bacon Oyster House on August 3, 1826.</p><br>
<p>The Union Oyster House has had several famous people in history as regular diners, including the Kennedy family, John F. Kerry, and Daniel Webster. Webster was known for regularly consuming at least six plates of oysters. Perhaps most surprisingly, in 1796 Louis Philippe, King of the French from 1830 to 1848, lived in exile on the second floor. He earned his living by teaching French to young women. Labor economist and president of Haverford College John Royston Coleman worked here incognito as a "salad-and-sandwich man" for a time in the 1970s and documented the experience in his book The Blue Collar Journal.</p><br>
<p>The menu is traditional New England fare, including seafoods such as oysters, clams, and lobsters, as well as poultry, baked beans, steak and chops.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>Union Oyster House.jpgSignage</p><br>
<p>Union Oyster House - photograph.jpgUnion Oyster House, 1945</p><br>
<p>Union Oyster House - Floor Plan.jpgFirst-floor plan and details</p><br>
<p>The Reliance Building is a skyscraper located at 1 W. Washington Street in the Loop community area of Chicago, Illinois. The first floor and basement were designed by John Root of the Burnham and Root architectural firm in 1890, with the rest of the building completed by Charles B. Atwood in 1895. It is the first skyscraper to have large plate glass windows make up the majority of its surface area, foreshadowing a design feature that would become dominant in the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The Reliance Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970; and on January 7, 1976, it was designated a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The Reliance Building is also part of the Loop Retail Historic District, a collection of over one hundred buildings that reflects the growth of State and Wabash Streets as the central retail district of Chicago. The building fell into disrepair starting in the 1940s, and was restored in the late 1990s. Since 1999, the building has housed the 122-room Staypineapple, An Iconic Hotel, The Loop (formerly the Hotel Burnham) and Atwood Cafe.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Commercial real estate in Chicago, Illinois boomed in the late 1870s due to the recovery from the Great Chicago Fire in 1871 and the Depression of 1873–79. In 1880, William Ellery Hale purchased a small lot in the Loop community area containing the four-story First National Bank Building, one of the few offices in downtown Chicago to partially survive the Great Fire. Hale was the founder of the Hale Elevator Company, an early producer of hydraulic elevators necessary in skyscraper design. Hale envisioned a new tower on the site, but first needed to raze the existing structure. However, its tenants did not want to terminate their leases.</p><br>
<p>Instead, Hale lifted the second, third, and fourth floors on jackscrews and demolished the first. A new basement and ground floor, designed by John Wellborn Root of the Burnham & Root firm, were constructed in 1890.</p><br>
<p>Hale had become acquainted with Burnham & Root through his other real estate projects, such as the Rookery Building. Burnham & Root were renowned in Chicago by this point, having already designed twenty other buildings in the Loop. Root developed the floating raft system, which enabled designers to build large, steel-frame buildings on a reinforced concrete foundation, a necessity in Chicago&#39;s moist soil. Root and Hale agreed that the new building needed to have large glass windows on the first floor with large, open spaces. On the upper floors, Hale intended to have several stories dedicated to smaller tenants, with offices for doctors and other professionals on the top floors. He also specifically emphasized the need for natural lighting on all floors. The plan for the Reliance Building was consistent with the growing concept of the Chicago school of architecture, which emphasized the importance of form following function. Root died of pneumonia on January 15, 1891, before the completion of his portion of the Reliance Building; his intended design for the rest of the building has never been found. Carson Pirie Scott & Co. was the first tenant of the Reliance Building, opening a dry goods store on the first floor once it was completed.</p><br>
<p>Daniel Burnham recruited Boston architect Charles B. Atwood to complete the building with E. C. Shankland as lead engineer. After raising the original buildings remaining three floors Atwood used white glazed architectural terra-cotta cladding, a feature that would later become strongly associated with him following his works for the Worlds Columbian Exposition in 1893. At the time, it was believed that the recently developed enameled terra-cotta would never need to be cleaned because its smooth surface would allow any dirt to wash away in the rain. The steel framing on the top ten floors was completed over fifteen days, from July 16 to August 1, 1895. The Reliance Building, so named for its functionality, opened in March 1895. It was one of the first skyscrapers to offer electricity and phone service in all of its offices. In its first few decades, it provided office space for merchants and health professionals, including Al Capone&#39;s dentist.</p><br>
<p>The building struggled during the Great Depression, and slowly declined. In October 1948, Karolls Mens Shop opened a store on the lower two floors, with a modern façade that obliterated the original storefront. However, the upper floors remained hard to fill. On October 15, 1970, the Reliance Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places by the National Park Service. On January 7, 1976, it was recognized as a National Historic Landmark. The building continued to fall into disrepair, as the small size of its retail spaces were not appealing to business interests in the late 20th century. The city of Chicago made a commitment to revitalize the structure, but City Hall could not agree on a plan. The debate became particularly polarized after the 1989 demolition of the nearby McCarthy Building, which angered preservationists but satisfied business interests by providing space for a modern office building. Finally, in 1994, the McClier corporation collaborated with the Baldwin Development Company to restore the Reliance Building; these two groups had recently worked together to rehabilitate the Rookery Building. The City of Chicago purchased the property at this time for $1.3 million (equivalent to $ in ). The Reliance Building&#39;s rehabilitation was completed in 1999 at a cost of $27.5 million (equivalent to $ in ). as the former retail space was converted into a luxury hotel. Canal Street Partners, LLC bought the revitalized space and created the Hotel Burnham. The preservation of this building was championed by the Landmarks Preservation Council of Illinois. Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley was presented with a National Trust for Historic Preservation Honor Award in 2001 for the role of the city in preserving the structure. In December 2016, Pineapple Hospitality purchased the building and renamed the hotel as first The Alise Chicago, then later Staypineapple, An Iconic Hotel, The Loop.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Reliance Building has been called "proto-Modernist" in its lack of the hierarchy found in Classical facades. Its stacks of projecting bay windows and terra-cotta cladding create an effect of extraordinary lightness. Its steel frame construction is physically light as well, being one-third the weight of an equivalent stone structure. It was a direct precursor of the all-glass Friedrichstrasse skyscraper proposed by Mies van der Rohe in 1921. Richardson&#39;s Marshall Field Warehouse, built only eight years earlier, seems in comparison to be heavy, ponderous, and of another era.</p><br>
<p>Port Gamble is an unincorporated community on the northwestern shore of the Kitsap Peninsula in Kitsap County, Washington, United States. It is also a small, eponymous bay, along which the community lies, near the entrance to Hood Canal. The unincorporated communities of Port Gamble and Little Boston, part of Kitsap County, lie on the west and the east side, respectively, of the mouth of this bay. The Port Gamble Historic District, a USA National Historic Landmark, covers one of the nation&#39;s best-preserved western lumber towns.</p><br>
<p>The community of Port Gamble has a wide range of shops from antiques to a tea shop to an old-fashioned general store. It is a popular tourist destination, due to its location near Bremerton, Port Townsend, Bainbridge Island, and Seattle. Port Gamble is home to the grave of Gustave Englebrecht, the first USA Navy sailor to die in the Pacific.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Gamble Bay was named by the Wilkes Expedition in 1841. The source of the name is unclear. Wilkes often named places after historical figures, and speculation centers on Lt. Col. John M. Gamble, an illustrious figure in the War of 1812; or USA Navy Lt. Robert Gamble, an officer aboard the frigate wounded in an exchange with. But the name may have had a more prosaic origin. Wilkess published account of the expedition omits mention of either Gamble but does say that a lieutenants survey party "n entering canal camped near some Suquamish Indians who had received as visitors a party of fifty Clalams, by appointment to gamble for blankets: they continued their games throughout the night."</p><br>
<p>The community, originally known as "Teekalet" and later renamed "Port Gamble" for the bay which gave it access to ocean commerce, was founded as a company town by Josiah Keller, William Talbot, and Andrew Pope&#39;s Puget Mill Company in 1853.</p><br>
<p>In 1856, was sent from Seattle to Port Gamble on the Puget Sound, where indigenous raiding parties from British and Russian territories had been enslaving local Native Americans. When the warriors refused to hand over those among them who had attacked the Puget Sound Native American communities, Massachusetts landed a shore party and a battle ensued in which 26 natives and 1 sailor were killed. In the aftermath of this, Colonel Isaac Ebey, the first white settler on Whidbey Island, was shot and beheaded on August 11, 1857, by a Haida raiding party in revenge for the killing of a native chief during similar raids the year before. British authorities demurred on pursuing or attacking the northern tribes as they passed northward through British waters off Victoria, and Ebey&#39;s killers were never caught.</p><br>
<p>The first school in the county went up in 1859, and the community took its present name in 1868. In 1966, the town of Port Gamble was designated a National Historic Landmark District. In 1985, Pope & Talbot, the successor company to Puget Mill, split into Pope & Talbot and Pope Resources, the latter of which took over the site and the sawmill. In 1995, the mill shut down after 142 years, ending the longest span of operation of any sawmill in the country.</p><br>
<h3>Founding</h3><br>
<p>In 1849, William Talbot and Andrew Pope arrived in San Francisco from East Machias, Maine, in hope of taking part in its shipping and lumber industry, for the shipping of lumber to the rapidly growing Western United States was becoming a very lucrative business. Pope and Talbot quickly realized that the lumber shipments from New England were not enough to meet the growing demand for building materials in the West. After hearing about the dense forests in the Oregon Territory, Talbot and Pope, along with partners Josiah Keller and Charles Foster, formed the Puget Mill Company to harvest the much-needed lumber for the expanding West. In the summer of 1853, Talbot, after searching the Puget Sound area for the best possible site for a mill, spotted a sand spit at the mouth of Gamble Bay as an excellent location, for it provided a location near the abundant trees of the Oregon Territory and a port for shipping the cut lumber to California. Soon after arriving, Keller sailed up the coast to join him with the boiler, engine, and muley saw for the mill. By September, the new mill was cutting logs into lumber.</p><br>
<p>Although they had a ready and working mill, Pope, Keller, and Talbot had difficulty finding enough workers to run the mill. During the 1850s, the Pacific Northwest was frontier territory with little population. With the help of their partner in Maine, Charles Foster, the mill was able to recruit experienced mill workers from East Machias to come west to Gamble Bay.</p><br>
<p>The founders of the mill of Port Gamble, however, were not the first to occupy Gamble Bay. The SKlallams, or Nux Sklai Yem, had been living in the Puget Sound region since 2400 B.C. Legally, land was not available for non-Native settlement until March 8, 1859, when Congress ratified the Treaty of Point No Point, which was signed January 26, 1855, by representatives of the United States and the Chemakum, SKlallam and Skokomish nations. But by that time, the Port Gamble Band of SKlallam Indians had moved across the bay to Point Julia. As part of an agreement between them and the mill company, the SKlallams were given jobs at the mill and lumber to build their new homes, community facilities, and a new school. The new little town across Gamble Bay became known as Little Boston.</p><br>
<h3>Tree farms</h3><br>
<p>As the Port Gamble mill continued to expand and increase its production of lumber, their need for suitable logging areas increased. The Puget Mill Company continued purchasing viable timberland, and by 1892 had ownership of 186,000 acre. With the depletion of forestland in other states, more and more companies turned to Washington to supply the growing need for timber. By 1906 there were over 900 lumber mills of various sizes in Washington alone.</p><br>
<p>As Washington&#39;s old-growth forests were dwindling, the need for new sources of lumber became readily apparent. On June 12, 1941, the Weyerhaeuser Timber Company designated the first certified tree farm, the Clemons Tree Farm in Washington state. The Puget Mill Company, now known as Pope & Talbot, Inc., soon followed suit, forming the Hood Canal Tree Farm in 1946 and having 75,000 acre in it by 1953.</p><br>
<h3>Economic boom of Port Gamble</h3><br>
<p>During the mid-1800s, California experienced an expansive economic boom and an increase in population from the California Gold Rush. The gold rush opened the door to a vast unknown of resources and fortune. The constant flow of settlers into the frontier and expanding economic influence demanded a high level of resources to maintain stability and growth. California then looked to tap into the high abundance of timber and mining in the Oregon Territory. This called for three explorers to set sail up along the Pacific Coast to explore the unknown territory. When William Talbot, Andrew Pope, and Josiah Keller washed up on the sandy shores of the Hood Canal they discovered the fortune of timber along the Olympic Peninsula. Talbot, a lumber merchant from the San Francisco area, partnered with Pope who was an experienced sea captain. The characteristics of the two men drove them through the ups and downs of global economic woes and stiff competition, especially their eventual counterparts in the Oregon Territory. After the founding of Port Gamble, these three men established the longest-working lumber mill on the North American continent.</p><br>
<p>Port Gamble established itself as an industrial power house globally. The Puget Mill Company became a source of lumber all around the world from Shanghai to Cape Town, South Africa. Trees coming straight from the Olympic Peninsula were shipped to 37 other ports around the world.</p><br>
<p>During the turn of the century, the Puget Mill Company and the Pope and Talbot Lumber Company shipped their lumber from Port Gamble across the Atlantic Ocean to be used in the British, French and Russian navies for their sparring around the world. Captain Keller took hold of the shipment plans for the Pope and Talbot Lumber Company and created routes along the Pacific Coast to help supply the large demands of the California Gold Rush. This transportation of lumber opened the door for shipments to China and Southeast Asia. Because Talbot and Pope hailed from the state of Maine, their connections to the East Coast and constant travels back to their hometown, many of the ports along South America and the West Indies experienced contact from the Port Gamble shipments.</p><br>
<h3>Sale of Puget Mill Company</h3><br>
<p>In July 1925, the board of directors for the Puget Mill Company, including William H. Talbot, George A. Pope Sr., Talbot C. Walker, John Deahl and A.G. Harms, met to discuss the sale of the company. A little over a year earlier in May 1924, William Talbot had already reached his own decision regarding the future of the Port Gamble mill. In a letter to Northwest Operations Manager, E.G. Ames, Talbot mentioned that it was "suicidal to continue operating the Port Gamble Mill." He also informed Ames that production of lumber at the mill must cease once all remaining orders had been filled. When the board of directors met over a year later it took only a few minutes for them to decide that selling the company was the only option. After the meeting had concluded, Talbot met with Charles McCormick of the Charles McCormick Lumber Company, who agreed to purchase the Puget Mill Company for $15 million.</p><br>
<p>This was a significant period in the history of Port Gamble and the Puget Mill Company. For almost a hundred years the Puget Mill Company had been owned and operated by the descendants of the Pope and Talbot families, but this sale meant that the mill would no longer be operated by the descendants of the men that had helped establish Port Gamble. William H. Talbot was reluctant to sell the company, but the early 1900s were a trying time for the lumber industry. The troubles for the company began in 1907, when the state of Washington instituted a tax increase on timber acreage held by mill companies. This, combined with inefficient operations, outdated equipment, and increasingly dilapidated facilities, became too much of a burden for William Talbot. Despite the sale of the company, Talbot devised a way to ensure that the Port Gamble Mill would remain operational. In the agreement with McCormick, Talbot specified that McCormick must build a brand new mill at Port Gamble.</p><br>
<h3>Creation of Pope & Talbot Co.</h3><br>
<p>McCormick had very little success as the president and owner of the Puget Mill Company. The cost of building the new mill in Port Gamble along with the cost of modernizations and improvements being made to other mills quickly added to the companys debt. In 1938, McCormick owed over $7 million to the original owners of Puget Mill, but unable to make payments, McCormick was forced to return all of the company holdings to the principals of the foreclosure suit filed against him. The principals were all descendants of the original founders of the Puget Mill Company. By 1940 the company was running under the guidance of another descendant of the Pope family, George Pope Sr., when it was decided that the business should be renamed Pope & Talbot Mills. The entrance of the USA into World War II brought plenty of business to Pope & Talbot Mills. During the entire war the mills operated at full capacity. The companys vessels were involved in transporting supplies necessary for battle to areas of conflict such as Guadalcanal and Okinawa.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>Many of the buildings are well maintained historical sites. Most of the town is still owned today by the mill. There is an old church that has been restored to its original condition. The St. Paul&#39;s Episcopal Church "on Rainier Avenue dates from 1870. Built from the same plans used for the construction of the village church in East Machias, Maine, in 1836."</p><br>
<p>A general store still stands in the town, renovated to its 1916 form and now a tourist attraction. The town has an Old Mills Days festival that keeps alive the spirit of the mill. Port Gamble gives out pamphlets for a walking tour to the historic buildings.</p><br>
<p>The preservation of the town of Port Gamble began in the mid-1960s, when Pope & Talbot rebuilt and restored thirty houses and buildings, located utilities underground, and installed gas street lamps. In 1966, Port Gamble was declared a National Historic Landmark. One of the oldest houses in Port Gamble that is still standing is the Thompson house, built in 1859 and owned by James A. Thompson.</p><br>
<h2>Events</h2><br>
<p>The annual Old Mill Days festival takes place over the course of three days during early July and encompasses the entire downtown area. The event includes craft and food stands, a logging show, fireworks, and various other forms of entertainment.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Port Gamble was the setting of and filming location for the 2010 film ZMD: Zombies of Mass Destruction. Author Gregg Olsen made Port Gamble the setting for his "Empty Coffin" series of books, which include Betrayal and Envy.</p><br>
<p>Boulevard Oaks is a neighborhood in Houston, Texas, United States, containing 21 subdivisions north of Rice University and south of USA Highway 59. Developed primarily during the 1920s and 1930s, Boulevard Oaks contains two National Register historic districts, Broadacres and Boulevard Oaks. The Boulevard Oaks Civic Association  is the common civic association for all 21 subdivisions.</p><br>
<p>Boulevard Oaks is in Texas&#39;s 7th congressional district.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>17 communities developed over a period of two decades. In 1980 the Boulevard Oaks Civic Association was created to provide a single management organization for all 17 areas.</p><br>
<p>The Poe Elementary School bombing occurred in 1959.</p><br>
<p>The National Register of Historic Places designated the Boulevard Oaks Historic District, located within Boulevard Oaks and roughly bordered by North Boulevard, South Boulevard, Hazard Street, and Mandell Street, as a historical district on February 22, 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Composition</h2><br>
<p>The subdivisions of Boulevard Oaks are Chevy Chase, Edgemont, Ormond Place, Broadacres, Vassar Place, Ranch Estates, North Edgemont, West Edgemont, West Ormond Place, Cresmere Place, Cherokee, Vassar Court, Greenbriar Addition, Keithly Place, Sunset Court, Sunset Place, Sunset Estates, Cheyne Walk, Hermann Hospital Estates, Wroxton Court, and portions of the O. Smith Survey.</p><br>
<p>The Simon and Mamie Minchen House is within Boulevard Oaks.</p><br>
<h2>Government and infrastructure</h2><br>
<p>Boulevard Oaks is a part of the University Place Super Neighborhood Council.</p><br>
<p>The community is in Houston City Council District C.</p><br>
<p>The Houston Police Department&#39;s South Central Patrol Division, headquartered at 2022 St. Emanuel., serves the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>The Southampton/Boulevard Oaks Patrol Service provides private security to the community and to Southampton.</p><br>
<p>Harris Health System (formerly Harris County Hospital District) designated Northwest Health Center in northwest Houston for ZIP code 77098, and Martin Luther King Health Center in southeast Houston for ZIP code 77005. The nearest public hospital is Ben Taub General Hospital in the Texas Medical Center.</p><br>
<h2>Schools</h2><br>
<p>The neighborhood is zoned to Houston Independent School District (HISD) schools. Poe Elementary School is located in the Chevy Chase subdivision in Boulevard Oaks.</p><br>
<p>Area K-8 private schools include Presbyterian School in Houston. Area 9-12 high schools include St. Agnes Academy and Strake Jesuit College Preparatory in Houston. K-12 private schools include St. John&#39;s School in Houston and The Kinkaid School in Piney Point Village.</p><br>
<h2>Parks and recreation</h2><br>
<p>The Vassar Spaceway Park is located in Boulevard Oaks. It was dedicated as a municipal park in the late 1980s. Evalyn Krudy, the director of the University Place Super Neighborhood Council, said that since the creation of the park, it had been affected by drainage issues. The Boulevard Oaks association received $5,000 in matching grant funds from the Matching Grant Program of the City of Houston Planning and Development Department. The funds were used to create a comprehensive drainage and maintenance plan to prevent standing water from accumulating and to beautify the park.</p><br>
<h2>Neighborhood in film</h2><br>
<p>Boulevard Oaks appears in the films Terms of Endearment (1983), Rushmore (1998), Sidekicks (1992), My Best Friend is a Vampire (1988). Ms. Cross&#39; temporary home in Rushmore is on North Boulevard. Mr. Blume and Ms. Cross also take a walk down North Boulevard in the film. In Terms of Endearment, Garrett Breedlove and Aurora take a walk down North Boulevard.</p><br>
<h2>Media</h2><br>
<p>The Houston Chronicle is the area regional newspaper.</p><br>
<p>The West University Examiner is a local newspaper distributed in the community.</p><br>
<p>Upper Sioux Agency , was a federal administrative center established in response to treaties with the Dakota people in what became Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota, United States. Located on the Minnesota River south of Granite Falls, Minnesota, the government-run campus of employee housing, warehouses and a manual labor school was destroyed in the Dakota War of 1862. The grave of Chief Walking Iron Mazomani, a leader of the Wahpetonwan  Dakota tribes, who was killed during the 1862 Dakota War&#39;s Battle of Wood Lake, is here. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970 for having state-level significance under the themes of archaeology, architecture, education, and social history.</p><br>
<p>Considered sacred for being a place where their ancestors died of starvation, the Upper Sioux Community has been working to regain the land since the 1860s. A ceremonial transfer was held in March with tribal officials, Governor Tim Walz and Lieutenant Governor Peggy Flanagan. Established as a Minnesota state park in 1963, the park was closed in February 2024 as authorized by the state legislature. State Route 67, which traverses through the park, was closed after unstable ground beneath the road made the highway impassable. The highway would have required expensive repairs along with the bridge over the Yellow Medicine River that has been compressed by the movement so much that it needs to be removed or replaced. State funds will be used to buy land for replacement recreational opportunities and the removal of structures from the site.</p><br>
